Chapter 4 (Socioemotional Development in Infancy)

What is Emotion?

the feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to self and well-being

What is Basic Cry?

a rhythmic pattern usually consisting of a cry, a brief silence, a shorter whistle, then a rest before the next cry

What is the Anger Cry?

a variation of the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal cords

What is a Pain Cry?

a sudden long, loud cry followed by breath holding

What is Reflexive Smile?

a smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli

What is a Social Smile?

a smile in response to an external stimulus

What is Stranger Anxiety?

an infant’s fear and wariness of strangers

What is Separation Protest?

the distressed crying of an infant when the caregiver leaves

What is Social Referencing?

“reading” the emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in an particular situation

What is Temperament?

individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding

What is an easy child?

generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences

What is a difficult child?

reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change

What is a slow to warm up child?

has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood

What is Goodness of Fit?

the match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope

What is attachment?

a close emotional bond between tow people

What is Strange Situation?

an observational measure of infant attachment, created by Mary Ainsworth

What is Securely attached babies?

use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment

What is Insecure Avoidant Babies?

show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver

What is Insecure Resistant Babies?

cling to the caregiver, then resist the caregiver by fighting against the closeness

What is Insecure Disorganized Babies?

appear disoriented, showing strong patterns of avoidance and resistance

What is Developmental Cascade Model?

connections across domains over time influence developmental pathways and outcomes

What is Reciprocal Socialization?

is bidirectional

What is Scaffolding?

parent time interactions so that infants experience turn-taking with parents