MEDSURGE CARDIO

Preload

how much blood is sitting in the heart before it is pushed out

Afterload

How much remains in the heart after it gets pushed out

Stress test

EKG is strapped to the chest while pt is on a treadmill

Holter Monitor

mobile EKG that stays on for 1-2 days to get abnormal results that are spontaneous

EKG

measures heart patterns

echocardiogram

ultrasound of the heart

ATHEROsclerosis

the plaque that narrows the arteries

ARTERIOsclerosis

the act of plaque build up

orthostatic hypotension

low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up

Troponin

the levels in the blood show if the heart is injured

Thrombosis

blood clot in vessel

Prefusion

The passage of fluid to an organ or a tissue

Infarction

area of dead tissue

Angina pectoris

oxygen doesn't reach cardiac muscle and it hurts

stable angina

chest pain that occurs when you're doing physical activity

unstable angina

chest pain hits out of nowhere

Varient angina

coronary artery spasm

coronary artery disease (CAD)

hardening of arteries

risk factors of CAD

Age, HTN, high cholesterol, Obesity, Diabetes, ethnicity, FHx(family history), Hx(history) of CAD

collateral circulation

new artery formed by the body around plaque build up

Tx for CAD

Aspirin/Nitro

Beta blockers

Diet

Education on disease

exercise

acute myocardial infarction (AMI)

big heart attack

happens when you ignore CAD

AMI S&S

pain radiates throughout body

diaphoretic

light headed

nausea/vomiting

dyspnea

cold/clammy skin

anxiety- contemplating DOOM

Risk factors for AMI

obesity

smoking

high-fat diet

hypertension

FHx (family history)

men

diabetes

lazy life

stress

Tx for AMI

nitro/ morphine

zofran

xanax

aspirin

CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Graft)

Open heart surgery involving arterial bypass using a transplanted vein

congestive heart failure (CHF)

2 causes-

weak heart

excessive volume

S&S of CHF

Left-sided:

crackles/wheezes, cough, dyspnea, exhaustion, lungs filled with fluid, dizzy, poor circulation

Right-sided:

weak, dizzy, edema, weight gain

Tx of AMI (drugs)

diaretics (Lasix)

antiarrythmics (Lanxin)

beta blockers

nitrates

Tx for AMI (surgery)

Intra- aortic blood pump (IABP)

Ventricular assist devices (VADs)

Biventricular pacing

coronary bypass grafting

valve repair/ replacement

Ineffective Endocarditis (IE)

infection of endocardium

IE causes

strep throat goes untreated, the infection spreads to the heart

or if you take meds for strep throat and stop before recommended

Paracarditis

inflammation of pericardium

tx: antibiotics

s&S chest pains, relieved by sitting up or leaning over

cardio myopathy

your heart is dying

dilated- heart can by stretched and weak

hypertrophic- walls of heart thicken- no room for blood

restrictive- hardened muscle, muscle cant contract

tx: death, heart transplant

mitral stenosis

narrowing of the opening of mitral valve that impedes blood flow from LA into LV

Mitral regurgitation

allows back flow into the LA during diastole

mitral valve prolapse

one or both leaflets enlarges/ protrudes into the LA during systole

aortic stenosis

valve cusps calcify

aortic regurgitation

thickening of aortic progress until the valve cant maintain unidirectional flow