how many cervical vertebraes are there
7
how many thoracic vertebrae are there
13
how many lumbar vertebrae are there
7
how many sacrum vertebrae are there
3
how many coccygeal vertebrae are there
20-23
what are the difference between cat and dog spinal columns in xrays
cats have thing and long bones
spinal column is long and rectangular
dogs have very blocky spinal cords
what species is this
cat
is this a cat or dog xray
dog
which vertebraes dont have a intervertebral disk
C1-C2
what does C1 do
it moves the head around
and holds the neck muscles
what is another name for C1
atlas
what is this?
C1 Atlas
another word for dens
odontoid process
whats significant about dens
its holds C1 and C2 together and its a very important articulation
identify the vertebrae
C2 axis
what is this part the arrow is pointing too
dens
CASE
8 month M yorkie mix
progessive ataxia and weakness all 4 limbs
knucking on all 4 limbs
holds head down most of the time
hypoplastic dens
atlanto Axial subluxation
what is ataxia
incoordination
dont know where the legs are
describe what is going on here
Atlanto- Azial AA subluxation
common in miniature and toy breeds
dens malformations along with loss/weaking of ligamentous structures
cervical pain and neurologic deficits
what does a normal xray of C1 and C2 look like
what are the ligaments of C2
transverse ligament of atlas
alar ligament
apical ligament of dens
nuchal ligament
dorsal atlantoaxial ligament
what kind of picture is this and what is going on
MRI of AA subluxation
how to fix a AA subluxation
surgery
fuse c1 and c2
recover full sensation
cement it back in place
which cervical vertabrae is important for xray landmarks
C6
it has a large transverse process
how many cervical nerves are there
8
what is important about C6-T2
concentration of lower motor neurons=nerves of the brachial plexus
what are the main nerves of the brachial plexus
suprascapular
musculocutaneous
axillary
radial
thoracodorsal
median
ulnar
lateral thoracic
whats the main nerve that comes off L4-S1
femoral nerve
whats the main nerve that comes off S1-S3
sciatic
where would you collect cerebrospinal fluid
cerebellomedullary cistern
in between the occipital protuberance and wing of atlas
describe thoracic vertebra
they have long spinal processes
t11 important why
also called anticlinical
its a landmark that tells u exactly where t11 is because the spinal process switches directions
what keeps t2 and t11 from getting disc disease
intercapital ligament
where is the dorsal longitudinal ligament
lies on the floor of the vertebral canal and runs from the dens to the sacrum
what vertebrae is the most common for disc disease
lumbar vertebrae
there is a lot of movement
What cant you see in a normal lumbar verterbrae xray
you cant see the spinal cord
where can you tap for cerebrospinal fluid in the lumbar region
in between L5 and L6
in the subarachnoid space
what is myelogram
where you stick contrast material to see the spinal cord
what are the differences between cervical and lumbar spinal canals
cervical spinal canal is much wider than the lumbar
where is the epidural space
L7 and S1
lumbosacral epidural
what are the four landmarks for an epidural
ilial wings
dorsal spinous process of L7
sacral vertebrae
where does the spinal cord end
L6-L7
what is cauda equina
caudally streaming spinal roots innervating pelvic viscera and tail
CASE
7yr Male Intact germnan shepherd- working dog
decreased willingness to jump into truck
low tail carriage
difficulty posturing to defecate
pain on palpation of the lower back and on tail lift
lumbosacral stenosis
cauda equina syndrome
painful lower back/ tail
L7-S1 damaged
not the spinal cord its the spinal roots
femoral nerve
sciatic
pudendal
pelvic
coccygeal
what is going on and what type of image is this
lumbosacral stenosis
cauda equina syndrome
mri bone=dark
fluid=light
what is the sacroiliac joint
bodies of the 3 sacral vertebrae fuse to form the sacrum
what are the sacral ligaments
dorsal sacroiliac ligament (also a ventral)
sacrotuberous ligament
what ligaments do cats not have
sacrotuberous ligament
label 1-4
dorsal sacroiliac ligament
sacrum
1st coccygeal vertebrae
sacrotuberous ligament
what holds the ilium to the sacrum
sacroiliac ligament
CASE
4 yr Male intact chihuahua
hit by car
multiple laceration and unable to stand on his back legs
fractures on the weight bearing axis
fractured pubis -preventing from walking
fractured iscchium
sacroiliac luxation -preventing from walking
put pins on the sacroiliac luxation and everything is shifted back
where is it common for vertebraes to fuse
common in the cervical region
increases the risk of intervertebral disk disease
bulldogs, frenchies are at greater risk for this
what are hemivertebrae
failure of the development and ossification of part of a vertebrae
usually a vertebral body
can lead to compression of the spinal cord
french bulldogs, pugs, bulldogs
not a fuse
what is a transitional vertebrae
when something is not supposed to be there
but its not a bad thing
CASE
2yr male english bulldog
chronic skin irritation around his tail
moist dermatitis
painful to tock and clean
screw tail
malformation of one to several vertebrae in the tail
most common in bulldogs
you amputate tail
what is significant about manx cats
dominant mode of inheritance- homozygous is lethal
abnormal development of the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae
“manx syndrome” some cats have no problems vs severe neurologic conditions
identify
nucleaus pulposus
annulus fibrosis
annulus fibrosis
nucleus pulposus
CASE
4 yr MN dachshund
jumped off the couch and screamed in pain
lost motor function in both hind legs
can feel but not move
intervertebral disc disease
describe intervertebral disc disease
dachshunds and other “chondrodystophic” breeds predisposed
nucleus pulposus dehydrates and becomes dry and brittle
risk of traumatic extrusion into the spinal cord
what is a hemilaminectomy
spine surgery that involves removing parts of one of the two laiminae on a vertebra to relieve excess pressure on the spinal nerves in the lumbar spine