ch. 11 adolescent psychology

A focus on —- becomes relevant as adolescents begin to perceive current successes and failures as predictors of future outcomes in the adult world.

• Field 1: achievement or achieving

—-motivation involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments, whereas —-motivation is based on internal factors such as challenge and effort.

• Field 1: Extrinsic

• Field 2: intrinsic

Which of the following statements about the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation practices in the learning environment are true? (Select all that apply.)

Multiple select question.

Framing goals extrinsically is related to lower levels of academic achievement.

Framing goals extrinsically is related to lower levels of independent motivation.

Extrinsic motivation is positively linked to achievement outcomes.

Intrinsic motivation is positively linked to grades and standardized test scores.

• Framing goals extrinsically is related to lower levels of academic achievement.

• Framing goals extrinsically is related to lower levels of independent motivation.

• Intrinsic motivation is positively linked to grades and standardized test scores.

Adolescents are motivated to learn when which of the following is true? (Select all that apply.)

Multiple select question.

Rewards are on based on control.

Rewards have informational value.

They are given choices.

Challenges match their skills.

• Rewards have informational value.

• They are given choices.

• Challenges match their skills.

Students who are given some choice of activities and when to do them and who are encouraged to take personal responsibility for their behavior are more likely to graduate from high school.

True false question.

True

False

True correct

Reason:

Students given choices, flexibility, and take responsibility for behaviors tend to show higher achievement gains. Thus, more likely to graduate.

The increase in academic and social pressures requires adolescents to consider Blank______ an important measure of their success.

Multiple choice question.

achievement

athleticism

attitude

relationships

achievement

Csikszentmihalyi defined as a sense of mastery while in a state of absorbed and concentrated engagement in an activity.

flow

Children finger paint for the pure pleasure that creativity brings. This is an example of Blank______ motivation.

Multiple choice question.

intrinsic

extrinsic

maladaptive

adaptive

intrinsic

Phyllis Blumenfeld and her colleagues (2006) emphasized the development of intrinsic motivation through which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Multiple select question.

• Encouraging persistence and mastery

• Embedding subject matter content into meaningful contexts

• Creating learning environments that encourage cognitive engagement and self-responsibility

A study of third- through eighth-grade students found that classroom environments that foster —- motivation in the learning process show positive correlations with grades and standardized test scores.

• Field 1: intrinsic

When adolescents are motivated to discover the underlying causes of their own performance, good or bad, we refer to this as —- theory.

• Field 1: attribution

Self-determination and personal choice, optimal experiences and flow, and cognitive engagement and self-responsibility describe multiple dimensions of —-motivation.

• Field 1: intrinsic or adaptive

—-orientation occurs when children seem trapped by experience or difficulty.

• Field 1: Helpless

Ryan and Deci, the architects of self-determination theory, refer to teachers who create learning environments that allow students to in engage in self-determination as Blank______ teachers.

Multiple choice question.

autonomy-controlled

autonomy-supportive

dependent-controlled

dependent-supportive

autonomy-supportive

A child with —- orientation is focused on achievement outcomes and believes that winning is what matters the most.

• Field 1: performance

Engaging in a state of mastery and complete absorption in an activity describes what Csikszentmihalyi defined as Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

indulgence

concerted effort

zoning

flow

flow

According to Carol Dweck, a —- mindset occurs when individuals believe that their qualities can change and improve with effort.

• Field 1: growth

According to developmental researchers, such as Phyllis Blumenfeld, key aspects of adolescent achievement include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Multiple select question.

Creating learning that includes real-world relevance

Becoming cognitively engaged

Developing self-responsibility

Motivating students to work smart rather than hard

• Creating learning that includes real-world relevance

• Becoming cognitively engaged

• Developing self-responsibility

According to Dweck (2006), which of the following is true about an individual's mindset? (Select all that apply.)

Multiple select question.

It can shape goals and how hard one works toward those goals.

It can be determined at birth or in the first few months of life.

It can affect achievement and success in school and sports.

It can influence whether one's outlook is positive or negative.

• It can shape goals and how hard one works toward those goals.

• It can affect achievement and success in school and sports.

• It can influence whether one's outlook is positive or negative.

An adolescent receives an exam grade and asks herself, "Did I do well on this exam because of how much I studied or because this was an easy exam, or both?" The search for a cause to explain the exam score is referred to as

Multiple choice question.

self-monitoring.

attribution theory.

self-efficacy.

goal setting.

attribution theory.

Jake works in the meat market and needs to get ready for the holiday rush. Even though his coworker has called in sick, Jake knows that he will be able to master the day and get the work done. Jake is demonstrating Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

self-awareness

self-efficacy

self-mastery

self-motivation

self-efficacy

—-orientation refers to children who are task oriented and focused on learning.

• Field 1: Mastery

Adolescents with (low/high) self-efficacy have higher academic aspirations, spend more time doing homework, and welcome challenges.

high

Adolescents with which orientation are likely to believe that winning is everything?

Multiple choice question.

Performance

Apathetic

Mastery

Helpless

Performance

According to Jacquelynne Eccles, which of the following are aspects of adolescents' ability beliefs? (Select all that apply.)

Multiple select question.

How good they are in relation to their performance in other activities.

How good they are compared to their peers or others

How good they are at a particular activity

How good they are when they are not at their best

• How good they are in relation to their performance in other activities.

• How good they are compared to their peers or others

• How good they are at a particular activity

A fixed —- refers to when people believe that their qualities are permanent and cannot change.

mindset

What is an example of a proximal (short-term) goal?

Multiple choice question.

I want to join a new sports team next year.

I want to get straight A's this year.

I want to build my resume before I apply to college.

I want to be first to turn in the midterm paper.

I want to be first to turn in the midterm paper.

According to Dweck (2006), individuals' —- can influence whether they have a positive or negative outlook, may shape their goals and their effort in attaining those goals, and may impact their success in sports.

mindset

Evaluating how well a plan to reach a goal is working includes

Multiple select question.

waiting for supervisor review.

monitoring of progress.

judging task performance.

evaluating outcomes.

• monitoring of progress.

• judging task performance.

• evaluating outcomes.

Self- —- is the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.

• Field 1: efficacy

The ability to pay attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period is referred to as — —-

• Field 1: sustained

• Field 2: attention

Self-efficacy influences student achievement in which of the following ways? (Select all that apply.)

Multiple select question.

Students with low self-efficacy avoid a challenge.

Students with low self-efficacy spend more time doing homework.

Students with low self-efficacy are more likely to persist with effort on a learning task.

Students with high self-efficacy enjoy a challenge.

• Students with low self-efficacy avoid a challenge.

• Students with high self-efficacy enjoy a challenge.

Which describes an adolescent's need for a large group of friends?

Multiple choice question.

Social anxiety

Self-motive

Self-anxiety

Social motive

Social motive

According to Eccles's research, how hard students will work depends on the following. (Select all that apply.)

Multiple select question.

Their current grade level

Their gender identity

Their beliefs about how they will do on future tasks

If they expect to succeed

How much they expect to accomplish

• Their beliefs about how they will do on future tasks

• If they expect to succeed

• How much they expect to accomplish

When parents have expectations, this has a negative impact on adolescents' achievement.

True false question.

True

False

Reason:

Parental expectations play an important role in influencing adolescents' achievement.

False

Garrison is asked by his manager what his plans are for the future and Garrison responds "I want to be a success." Garrison's response is an example of a(n) Blank______ goal.

Multiple choice question.

unattainable

specific

nonspecific

miscalculated

nonspecific

In one study, Blank______ predicted low academic achievement among adolescents.

Multiple choice question.

peer conformity

social dominance

social comparison

perceived popularity

social dominance

A good plan toward goal attainment includes

Multiple select question.

managing time.

maintaining organization.

setting priorities.

multitasking.

A good plan toward goal attainment includes

Multiple select question.

• managing time.

  correct

• maintaining organization.

  correct

• setting priorities.

  correct

• multitasking.

  Reason:

  Multitasking rarely results in effective outcomes.

Correct AnswerQuestion

• managing time.

• maintaining organization.

• setting priorities.

What is most detrimental to the ability of teachers to support student learning?

Multiple choice question.

Large class sizes

Emphasis on self-regulation

High academic expectations

Demands to develop self-efficacy

Large class sizes

Sustained attention depends upon the ability to adapt to increased expectations and demands, requiring longer periods of which of the following? (Select all that apply)

Multiple select question.

Memorization

Effort

Social time

Task persistence

• Effort

• Task persistence

______ is a better predictor of achievement than Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

Culture; socioeconomic status

Ethnicity; culture

Ethnicity; socioeconomic status

Socioeconomic status; ethnicity

Socioeconomic status; ethnicity

Social —- are needs and desires that are learned through experiences with the social world.

• Field 1: motives or motive

Which of the following is a positive parenting practice that supports adolescents' achievement? (Select all that apply.)

Multiple select question.

Providing an emotional climate that motivates children to internalize their parents' values and goals

Motivating adolescents by reminding them to self-compare with others

Knowing enough about the child to provide the right amount of challenge

Modeling behavior to work hard and persisting with effort at challenging tasks

Knowing enough about the child to give the right amount of support

• Providing an emotional climate that motivates children to internalize their parents' values and goals

• Knowing enough about the child to provide the right amount of challenge

• Modeling behavior to work hard and persisting with effort at challenging tasks

• Knowing enough about the child to give the right amount of support

Ignoring a task, spending endless hours playing video games, cleaning your closet instead of reading your text, and accepting poor performance are all behaviors associated with —-.

• Field 1: procrastination or procrastinating

Peers can affect adolescents' achievement through social comparison.

True false question.

True

False

True correct

Reason:

Peers affect adolescents' achievement through social goals, social comparison, and peer status.

Teachers play important roles in students' achievement by doing which of the following? (Select all that apply.).

Multiple select question.

Using engaging teaching skills

Comparing low achievers to high achievers

Assigning letter grades

Supporting student progress

Encouraging students to become self-regulated achievers

Motivating students to try hard and develop self-efficacy

• Using engaging teaching skills

• Supporting student progress

• Encouraging students to become self-regulated achievers

• Motivating students to try hard and develop self-efficacy

Common reasons for procrastination include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Multiple select question.

Personal problems

Poor time management

Anxiety

Task confusion

• Personal problems

• Poor time management

• Anxiety

One environmental factor that predicts adolescent achievement better than ethnicity is Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

socioeconomic status

sexual orientation

religion

race

socioeconomic status

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the research findings correlating hours worked and academic outcomes?

Multiple choice question.

Tenth-graders who did not work at all suffered a drop in grades.

Eleventh-graders working more than 20 hours a week suffered a drop in grades.

Ninth-graders working more than 6 hours a week experienced a rise in grades.

Working part-time has detrimental effects on teen academic outcomes, regardless of the number of hours worked per week.

Eleventh-graders working more than 20 hours a week suffered a drop in grades.

Which are forms of procrastination? (Select all that apply.)

Multiple select question.

Making it look like you are completing a task without doing the work

Believing that mediocre performance is acceptable

Overestimating your abilities and resources

Executing a task and receiving a negative evaluation

• Making it look like you are completing a task without doing the work

• Believing that mediocre performance is acceptable

• Overestimating your abilities and resources

Which of the following are career-related educational institutions for high school students?

Multiple select question.

Technical preparation programs

Career academies

Corporate-based high schools

Early college high schools

• Technical preparation programs

• Career academies

• Early college high schools

wrong 

Corporate-based high schools

Reason:

Some corporations do provide donations to high school programs.

Many emerging adults who attend college choose to drop out and begin working instead of finishing their degrees.

True false question.

True

False

True

Reason:

The paths emerging adults take when pursing a secondary education and entering the workforce are extremely varied.

Research suggests that college students with low self-regulation are more likely to Blank______.

Multiple choice question.

excel academically

procrastinate

cheat

reach their goals

procrastinate

What contributes most to adolescents' unrealistic views about careers?

Multiple choice question.

Ability to try out a wide variety of careers

Stories about rich celebrities

Demands for high achievement from schools

Intensive college training programs

Stories about rich celebrities

Regarding adolescent work, research suggests spending large amounts of time in paid labor is associated with which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Multiple select question.

Significant developmental benefits

Risky behavior

Lower grades

Costs to physical health

• Significant developmental benefits

  Reason:

  Has limited developmental benefits for youth.

correct:

• Risky behavior

  correct

• Lower grades

  correct

• Costs to physical health

Decision making, exploration, and planning are important Blank______ factors in adolescent career choices.

Multiple choice question.

identity development

social

developmental change

cognitive

cognitive

Social — are needs and desires that are learned through experiences with the social world.

motives

Adolescents who are further along in identity Blank______ are better able to express their occupational choices than those in less developed statuses of identity.

Multiple choice question.

diffusion

formation

moratorium

foreclosure

formation

Which of the following functions as either a separate school or a small school within a larger high school with curriculum focused on a broad theme?

Multiple choice question.

Early college high schools

School-based enterprises

Technical preparation programs

Career academies

Career academies

Access to desirable career choices can be heavily restricted for many adolescents due to the negative influence of lower —- status.

• Field 1: socioeconomic or socialField 1: socioeconomic or social

Which of the following are common patterns of combining work and school for emerging adults? (Select all that apply.)

Multiple select question.

Work full-time and delay going to college

Work full-time and go to college full-time

Work full-time and go to college part-time

Work part-time and go to college full-time

• Work full-time and delay going to college

• Work full-time and go to college part-time

• Work part-time and go to college full-time

According to Damon (2008), adolescents fall short of their idealistic fantasies about potential careers because of which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Multiple select question.

Not understanding what it takes to become a star

Specializing in a career too soon without exploring other options

Having no one in their lives to help them reach the top of the career

Dreaming about careers that have no connection to reality

• Not understanding what it takes to become a star

• Having no one in their lives to help them reach the top of the career

• Dreaming about careers that have no connection to reality

Adolescent career choices are determined using which of the following cognitive processes? (Select all that apply.)

Multiple select question.

Planning

Exploration

Fantasizing

Decision making

• Planning

• Exploration

• Decision making

Adolescents in which stage are likeliest to attain their long-term career goals?

Multiple choice question.

Identity moratorium

Identity diffusion

Early identity formation

Late identity formation

Late identity formation

Which of the following are barriers inherent in low-income circumstances that can restrict access to desirable careers? (Select all that apply.)

Multiple select question.

Decreased desire to work

Violence

Low-quality schools

Lack of access to jobs

• Decreased desire to work

  Reason:

  Most adolescents want to find work which allows them to rise out of the low socioeconomic circumstances.

correct:

• Violence

  correct

• Low-quality schools

  correct

• Lack of access to jobs

Mrs. Sands is a school counselor. When interviewed about what she likes LEAST about her job, research has shown that she is most likely to say,

Multiple Choice

• "Kids today don't want my help; I have too much ‘down time'."

• "School psychologists should be doing this job; I need to focus on students with mental health issues."

• "My job is becoming obsolete; most school districts are contracting out to neighborhood career centers to help students choose their careers."

• "I have too many students to advise and not enough time in my day."

"I have too many students to advise and not enough time in my day."

Career development is related to _____Blank in adolescents and emerging adults.

Multiple Choice

• self-esteem

• high stress levels

• identity development

• high levels of anxiety

identity development

Which of the following statements about adolescents and career exploration is NOT true?

Multiple Choice

• Adolescents often approach career exploration and decision making with considerable ambiguity, uncertainty, and stress.

• On average, high school students spend about seven hours a year with their guidance counselors.

• Many adolescents do not adequately explore careers on their own.

• In many schools, students do not know what information to seek about careers.

On average, high school students spend about seven hours a year with their guidance counselors.

Shelby's parents devalue her choice of career. Shelby wants to become a cosmetologist. Her long-term goal is to own and manage her own day spa offering a range of services. Her parents want her to go to college and "become someone other than a glorified hairdresser." Research has shown that

Multiple Choice

• Shelby may be influenced by her parents' values and beliefs.

• Shelby will probably change her mind and go to college to please her parents.

• Shelby will ignore her parents and pursue her dream.

• Shelby will do none of these.

Shelby may be influenced by her parents' values and beliefs.

Which of the following statements regarding college students and work is TRUE?

Multiple Choice

• All of these choices are correct.

• Most colleges restrict the number of hours that students can work and still remain in good standing.

• As the number of hours of work increases, so does the likelihood of dropping out of school.

• Most colleges try to reserve some sections of classes for working students to make scheduling easier for these students.

As the number of hours of work increases, so does the likelihood of dropping out of school.

Claudia is a 23-year-old emerging adult. Her transition from school to work is most strongly influenced by her

Multiple Choice

• geographic location.

• level of education.

• ethnic background.

• personality.

level of education.

What was the percentage of full-time U.S. college students who were employed in 2020?

Multiple Choice

• 20 percent

• 40 percent

• 50 percent

• 30 percent

40 percent

Jared wants to be an auto mechanic and to someday own his own shop. Where is Jared most likely to receive his education in automotive technology?

Multiple Choice

• at a vocational high school

• on the job

• at a four-year institution

• at a two-year college

at a two-year college

About what percentage of adolescents today are employed at some point during high school?

Multiple Choice

• 90 percent

• 45 percent

• 60 percent

• 35 percent

90 percent

Which of the following statements related to mastery and performance learning is NOT true?

Multiple Choice

• Mastery and performance goals combined often benefit students' success.

• A mastery orientation focuses on tasks and learning strategies.

• For performance-oriented individuals, skill development and self-efficacy take a backseat to winning.

• Mastery and performance goals are mutually exclusive.

Mastery and performance goals are mutually exclusive.

Luz's neighbor, Dr. Spire, is a professor of sociology at a community college. Dr. Spire takes Luz to class with her when Luz is on school vacation, and she encourages Luz to think about attending college. Luz has great respect for Dr. Spire, and Dr. Spire loves watching Luz grow more confident in her ability to go on to college. This is an example of

Multiple Choice

• upward-mobility mentoring.

• quasi-parental mentoring.

• natural mentoring.

• formal mentoring.

natural mentoring

Which of the following is NOT a misguided strategy to protect self-worth and avoid failure?

Multiple Choice

• self-handicapping

• nonperformance

• procrastination

• setting low goals and objectives

setting low goals and objectives

Claire is in a program where she is matched with a member of the community who can help her to develop her interest in nonprofit organizational management. Claire is in a(n) _____Blank mentoring program.

Multiple Choice

• natural

• formal

• school-partnership

• informal

formal

Andre focuses on winning the prize for the best essay on civil disobedience. He believes that he will be happy if he wins. Andre has a

Multiple Choice

• performance motivation.

• helpless orientation.

• fixed mindset.

• mastery motivation.

performance motivation.

Otis is controlling, and he can sometimes be mean. He says, "This is me; take it or leave it. I'm not able to change." According to Carol Dweck, Otis

Multiple Choice

• is expressing learned helplessness.

• has a fixed mindset.

• has an antisocial personality disorder.

• not sufficiently motivated to change.

has a fixed mindset

Research has shown that adolescents show two distinct responses to difficult or challenging circumstances. One is mastery orientation and the other is

Multiple Choice

• withdrawal.

• defensive orientation.

• None of these choices are correct.

• helpless orientation.

helpless orientation

Simon tells his mother that he wants to have all of his homework done by dinnertime every day instead of waiting until after dinner to get started. This is an example of

Multiple Choice

• None of these choices are correct.

• an optimal goal.

• a proximal goal.

• a distal goal.

a proximal goal.

Miranda's grandfather is an avid photographer, and he wants to spend time teaching Miranda how to take better pictures. Miranda, on the other hand, is perfectly content to take pictures with her cell phone and does not even bother learning how to use a camera. She tries to act interested to please her grandfather, but research indicates that Miranda

Multiple Choice

• probably won't learn to take better pictures because she doesn't place a high value on that goal.

• None of these choices are correct.

• probably will improve somewhat but not as much as her grandfather would like.

• will get caught up in her grandfather's enthusiasm and become a fairly good photographer herself.

probably won't learn to take better pictures because she doesn't place a high value on that goal.

What is the term for the perceived causes of events?

Multiple Choice

• influences

• analyses

• attributions

• precursors

attributions

Which of the following statements regarding social comparison is TRUE?

Multiple Choice

• Adolescents are more likely to engage in social comparison than children.

• Adolescents are most likely to compare themselves to people who are different from them.

• Children are more likely to engage in social comparison than adolescents.

• Adolescents freely admit that they engage in social comparison.

Adolescents are more likely to engage in social comparison than children.

Whitney gets an A− on her science test on ecology. She says that the test was difficult but fair, and she thinks her grade was the result of studying for several afternoons with a group of classmates. Whitney's explanation for her good test grade is an example of

Multiple Choice

• an internal attribution.

• an external attribution.

• a cognitive belief.

• a behavioral attribution.

an internal attribution.

What did the studies of Sandra Graham find about middle-SES Black students?

Multiple Choice

• They do not fit the stereotype of being unmotivated.

• They attribute failure to bad luck.

• All of these choices are correct.

• They have low achievement expectations.

They do not fit the stereotype of being unmotivated.

Which of the following is NOT true of adolescents and achievement?

Multiple Choice

• Adolescence is a critical juncture in achievement.

• New academic and social pressures force adolescents toward different roles.

• As demands on adolescents intensify, different areas of their lives may come into conflict.

• Achievement is primarily due to their intellectual abilities.

Achievement is primarily due to their intellectual abilities.

Farrah is a B−/C+ student in math. She tells her father that she wants to get an A in math from now on. Knowing how much his daughter struggles in math, her father says, "I'm glad that you want to work on your math grades. Let's aim for a B or B+ next term and we'll build on that. I'll help you make a plan." Researchers would say that

Multiple Choice

• Farrah's father underestimates her and has probably just killed her motivation.

• Farrah doesn't need a plan to reach her goal; determination is enough.

• Farrah will resent her father for suggesting that she work up to her goal with a plan.

• this is a good idea; Farrah may get discouraged if she sets expectations that are unrealistic.

this is a good idea; Farrah may get discouraged if she sets expectations that are unrealistic.

Which psychological approaches stress the importance of intrinsic motivation in achievement?

Multiple Choice

• psychoanalytical approaches

• behavioral approaches

humanistic approaches

existential approaches

• humanistic approaches

  Correct