Unit 2: England & Mercantilism, Atlantic Trade, and Early Colonial Development

Flashcards covering Navigation Acts, salutary neglect, Dominion of New England, Glorious Revolution, religious tolerance, early colonial constitutions, Jamestown and Plymouth institutions, mercantilism, Triangular Trade, and regional differences among the colonies.

What regulatory framework did Britain pass between 1650 and 1673 to regulate colonial trade and increase profits?

The Navigation Acts.

What policy described as loose enforcement of trade regulations due to internal turmoil in England?

Salutary neglect.

What was the Dominion of New England, and when was it created?

A merged royal province combining New England colonies with New York and New Jersey, created in 1686 and ruled by royal appointees.

Who was the governor of the Dominion of New England and what powers did he wield?

Sir Edmund Andros; he levied taxes, limited town meetings, and revoked land titles.

What event in 1688 led to the overthrow of James II and the rise of William and Mary?

The Glorious Revolution.

What Maryland law granted religious toleration to Catholics in 1649?

The Maryland Act of Toleration.

What is considered the first written colonial constitution and where is it from?

The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639).

What crop defined the Chesapeake economy and what labor system supported it?

Tobacco; supported by indentured servants and slavery; highly stratified society.

Which region is known as the 'Breadbasket' and had a mixed economy with cereal crops?

The Middle Colonies.

Which region was the least stratified and most religiously diverse in the colonies?

The Middle Colonies.

What act established the first representative assembly in the English colonies and when?

The House of Burgesses (1619).

What was the Mayflower Compact's central principle?

Government of the people; self-rule (consent of the governed).

Which English colony was founded in 1607 and became the first permanent English settlement in North America?

Jamestown, Virginia.

When was Georgia founded?

1733.

What were the Roanoke expeditions of 1585 and 1587?

English attempts to establish a colony; the Roanoke Lost Colony.

Which Dutch settlement established in 1609 eventually became New York?

New Amsterdam (New Netherland).

Which French settlement was founded in 1608 in what is now Canada?

Quebec.

Which Spanish settlement was established in 1610 at Santa Fe?

Santa Fe.

What policy governed Dutch-Native American relations regarding intermarriage?

Dutch traders traded and respected Native Americans but did not intermarry.

What did mercantilism claim about wealth and power?

Wealth and power come from exporting more than you import; a favorable balance of trade.

What was the colonial purpose in mercantilist thinking?

Colonies existed to enrich the Mother Country.

Which region exported rum, fish, and lumber in the colonial era?

New England Colonies.

Which region produced rice and indigo and used enslaved labor on large plantations?

Southern Colonies.

What is the significance of the Zenger Trial?

1735 trial of John Peter Zenger supporting freedom of the press by defending truth against libel.

What did the Halfway Covenant address in Puritan churches?

Allowed partial church membership without a personal conversion experience.

What is the significance of the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut?

First written constitution in the colonies; established a representative government.

How did the Navigation Acts primarily benefit Britain?

They ensured that colonial trade was conducted only on English or colonial ships and that certain valuable colonial goods were shipped only to England, generating customs duties for the crown.

What was a major consequence of salutary neglect for the British colonies?

It fostered an independent spirit and allowed colonies to develop self-governing institutions, leading to greater autonomy and distinct colonial identities.

What was the immediate impact of the Glorious Revolution on the Dominion of New England?

The Dominion of New England was dissolved, and Sir Edmund Andros was overthrown, leading to the restoration of individual colonial charters and greater self-governance.

What was the 'Enlightenment' and how did it influence American colonial thought?

An 18th-century intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism over tradition; it inspired concepts of natural rights, popular sovereignty, and separation of powers, influencing the American Revolution.

What was the 'First Great Awakening' and what was its impact on colonial society?

A series of religious revivals in the 1730s and 1740s that emphasized personal conversion, emotional worship, and a democratic approach to religion; it led to new denominations, increased religious fervor, and challenged