Circuits-Energy

James Joule

proposed a connection between the work a motor does and the heat it produces

Joules

units of energy

William Thomson

aka Lord Kelvin; quantified Joules’ ideas into the laws of thermodynamics

Conservation of energy

total amount of energy in a closed system always remains the same; energy cannot be created or destroyed

Kinetic energy

energy something has when it is moving

Heat

energy in transit between objects that are at different temperatures; the combined kinetic energy exchange between all the atoms in two substances in contact with each other

Phlogiston

a substance that was once theorized to make up heat, not actually a thing; heat is a property already inherent in materials

Temperature

average kinetic energy of the atoms of a substance

Second Law of Thermodynamics

heat flows from high-temperature objects to low-temperature objects

Third Law of Thermodynamics

no substance can ever actually reach absolute zero; to cool a substance down to absolute zero, you would need a substance lower than zero, which doesn’t exist

Gravitational potential energy

energy that an object posses due to its position in a gravitational field

Potential energy

energy that can readily turn into kinetic energy

Electric potential energy

works the same way as gravitational potential energy but via the electric force; directly proportional to an object’s charge

Voltage

difference in electric potential, a way of describing how the electric field changes across some distance

Electric potential

electric potential energy of an object divided by its charge

Volts

units for electric potential; joules per coulomb

Equipotential lines

lines that indicate electric potential; the closer they are, the stronger the electric field is

Change in kinetic energy of a charged particle

∆E=q*V

Alessandro Volta

inventor of what is the closest thing to a modern battery; theorized that electricity came from the metals in the Galvanis’ experiment, not the frog

Battery

term used by Franklin to refer to multiple Leyden jars connected together

Piles

word used before battery to describe multiple Leyden jars connected together

Lucia and Luigi Galvani

discovered that the bodies of dead frogs jolted when touched with two different metals, theorized that this was due to the electricity within the bodies

Galvanism

potential scientific explanation for the mysterious life force

Truth of the Galvanis’ experiment

the acids in the frog’s skin dissolved the metals, stealing electrons from one and giving electrons to the other

Giovanni Aldini

nephew of the Galvanis, showed that the left hemisphere of the brain controls the right side of the body and vice versa and that electroshock therapy can potentially treat depression

Battery (modern)

any device that maintains a constant voltage by keeping two collections of positive and negative charge separate from each other

Disposable batteries

uses two rods of Zn and C submerged in sulfuric acid, which dissolves the Zn, making it negatively charged, and polarizes the C rod, making it positively charged outside the acid; aka primary cells

Terminal

parts of the battery rods that are outside of the acid; will continue to recharge due to the acid until the zinc rod is fully dissolved

Secondary cells

batteries that can be recharged

Lithium-ion batteries

moves lithium ions through a conducting chemical fluid, switches terminals when charging, allowing it to be reused; used inmost electronic devices