Introduction to Psychology - Scientific Method

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts from the lecture on psychology's scientific method.

Scientific Method

A systematic approach used by scientists which includes formulating theories, making observations, and conducting experiments to explain and predict phenomena.

Theory

A system of ideas that attempts to explain observations and make predictions about future observations.

Hypothesis

A testable prediction derived from a theory.

Descriptive Research

A type of research aimed at describing a phenomenon without addressing why it occurs.

Correlation Coefficient

A numerical measure of the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables, with values ranging from -1.00 to 1.00.

External Validity

The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to, or have relevance for, settings, people, times, and measures other than the ones used in the study.

Internal Validity

The degree to which an experiment accurately establishes a causal relationship between independent and dependent variables without bias or confounding.

Random Sample

A sample in which every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Experimental Group

The group in an experiment that receives the treatment or manipulation of the independent variable.

Control Group

The group in an experiment that is treated equally but does not receive the experimental treatment.

Placebo Effect

A phenomenon in which participants in a study experience changes simply because they believe they are receiving treatment.

Variable

Any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types.

Meta-Analysis

A statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies addressing the same question.

Statistics

Mathematical methods used to summarize, analyze, and interpret data.

Critical Thinking

The ability to think clearly and rationally, understanding the logical connection between ideas.

Peer Review

The evaluation of work by one or more experts in the relevant field to ensure it meets necessary standards before publication.