Biology - Y10 Genetics

Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts in genetics based on Y10 Biology lecture notes.

Prokaryotic Cells

Simple, single-celled organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, e.g., bacteria and archaea.

Eukaryotic Cells

Complex cells that have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles; can be unicellular or multicellular organisms, e.g., protists, fungi, animals, and plants.

Nucleus

The membrane-bound organelle that stores genetic material and coordinates cellular activities.

Cytoplasm

The jelly-like substance within a cell that contains organelles and is the site of many metabolic processes.

Mitochondria

Oval-shaped organelles that generate energy through aerobic cellular respiration, producing ATP; found in all cells. They are known as the powerhouse of the cell, playing a crucial role in energy metabolism.

Chloroplasts

Double-membraned organelles found in plants that conduct photosynthesis, containing chlorophyll to absorb light energy.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, the hereditary material in organisms that carries genetic information.

Chromosomes

Structures made of DNA and proteins that contain genetic information; found in the nucleus.

Mutation

Changes in the DNA sequence that can lead to genetic variations; can be spontaneous or induced.

Meiosis

The process by which a single cell divides twice to produce four haploid cells, essential for sexual reproduction.

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism, representing the alleles inherited from parents.

Phenotype

The observable physical characteristics of an organism, influenced by both genotype and environment.

Alleles

Different versions of the same gene, obtained from each parent, that may determine distinct traits.

Punnett Square

A diagram used to predict the genotypes of offspring from a genetic cross.

Pedigree

A diagrammatic representation of the inheritance of traits through generations in a family.

Autosomes

The first 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not involved in determining sex.

Gametes

Reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) that contain half the genetic material of an organism.