AP World History review (copy) (copy) (copy)

Icons

Small pictures or symbols representing something.

Schism

A split or division between strongly opposed sections or parties, caused by differences in opinion or belief.

Excommunicate

To be banned from a church or religious group, often as a punishment for violating its rules or doctrines.

Paganism

Nature-based spiritual paths that often emphasize the worship of multiple deities and the reverence of the earth.

Vassals

People who pledge loyalty to a lord in exchange for land and protection, forming the basis of feudal systems in medieval Europe.

Serfs

A peasant legally bound to work on a lord's estate, without freedom to leave.

Norse

A group of Germanic peoples from Scandinavia known for their seafaring and exploration.

Clergy

Individuals within the religious hierarchy of the medieval church responsible for spiritual guidance and administration of sacraments.

Papal

Anything that is ordered by the pope, including decrees and doctrines.

Succeeded

To take over or inherit the throne.

Humanism

An ethical stance emphasizing the importance of individual experience and rational thought.

Chivalry

A moral and social code of conduct associated with the medieval institution of knighthood.

Textiles

Soft clothing made from fibers that played a critical role in trade and cultural exchange.

Urbanization

The process of moving from rural areas to cities, leading to the growth of urban areas.

Feudalism

A social and economic system in medieval Europe characterized by relationships between lords and vassals.

Manors

Large estates that served as the basic unit of feudal society.

The Crusades

A series of religious wars initiated by European Christians aimed at reclaiming the Holy Land.

The Renaissance

A cultural movement that began in Italy, marked by a revival of classical learning and values.

Abbasid Caliphate

A major Islamic caliphate known for its cultural, economic, and scientific advancements.

Trans-Saharan Trade Route

A network of trade routes that connected West Africa with the Mediterranean.

Mali

A prominent West African empire known for its wealth and trade.

Ibn Battuta

A renowned Moroccan explorer who documented his extensive travels across the Islamic world.

Mansa Musa

The ninth emperor of the Mali Empire, known for his opulent pilgrimage to Mecca.

Timbuktu

A city in Mali that was a key cultural and intellectual center during the medieval period.

Genghis Khan

Mongolian leader who founded the Mongol Empire, known for his military strategies.

Kublai Khan

Grandson of Genghis Khan and the first emperor of the Yuan Dynasty in China.

Osman I

Founder of the Ottoman Empire.

Tributary System

A political and economic arrangement where surrounding regions pay tribute for protection.

Taj Mahal

A mausoleum built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, symbolizing the grandeur of the Mughal Empire.

Song Dynasty

A Chinese dynasty known for economic prosperity and cultural achievements.

Chang-an

The capital of the Tang Dynasty, known for its cosmopolitan culture.

Mahayana Buddhism

A major branch of Buddhism emphasizing compassion and enlightenment for all beings.

Zen Buddhism

A school of Mahayana Buddhism emphasizing meditation and direct experience.

Shinto

An indigenous spirituality of Japan focused on the worship of kami.

Tale of Genji

A classic work of Japanese literature often regarded as the world's first novel.

Ming Dynasty

A major dynasty in Chinese history known for trade expansion and cultural achievements.

Famine

A severe shortage of food leading to widespread hunger.

Eunuchs

Castrated men often serving in royal courts.

Missionaries

People sent to spread their religion, especially Christianity.

Imperialism

The policy of extending control over weaker territories.

Plantation

A large farm growing cash crops, often using enslaved labor.

Circumnavigate

To travel completely around the Earth.

Duties (as in trade)

Taxes placed on imported or exported goods.

Scurvy

A disease caused by lack of vitamin C, common among sailors.

Galleons

Large sailing ships used for trade and exploration.

Suppress

To forcibly stop or put down (such as rebellions or ideas).

Indentured laborers (servants)

People who work for a set period in exchange for passage and shelter.

Cash Crop

A crop grown to be sold for profit.

Sovereign

A ruler or state with complete political power.

Divine Right

The belief that a monarch's authority comes directly from God.

Absolutism (absolute monarch)

A system where the monarch holds total power.

Conservatives

People favoring tradition and resisting change.

Liberal

People supporting political reform and individual freedoms.

Imam

A leader of prayer in Islam.

Metropolitan

Relating to a mother country in relation to its colonies.