Chapter 16.1 - Spontaneity

ch. 16.1

State Function

A property whose value is path independent and depends only on the initial and final states

Endothermic (relative to the system)

Heat transfers into the system

Exothermic (relative to the system)

Heat transfers out of the system

When is work positive?

When work is done on the system

When is work negative?

When work is done by the system

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Entropy

Energy is the capacity to do ____ or transfer ____

work. heat

In order to discuss and analyze energy changes, what we single out to study is called the ______

system

Spontaneous process

A process that occurs naturally under a specific set of conditions without outside forces

Nonspontaneous process

A process that does not occur naturally under a specific set of conditions

If a reaction is spontaneous in one direction, it will be __________ in the reverse direction under the same conditions

nonspontaneous

A nonspontaneous reaction is still possible with the ______ input of ______

continual, energy

Many spontaneous processes proceed with a ______ in energy

decrease

Spontaneous reactions are often _________ reactions (release of energy)

exothermic

What does the Law of Conservation apply to? What is it unable to predict concerning a spontaneous change?

All changes; unable to predict the direction of a spontaneous change

Spontaneous exothermic processes include:

1. Freezing and condensation at low temperatures

2. Combustion reactions

3. Oxidation of iron and other metals

Spontaneous endothermic processes include:

1. Melting and vaporization at higher temperatures

2. Dissolving of some soluble salts

All spontaneous endothermic processes result in an ______ in ____ ____ _____ of the particles in the system

increase, freedom of motion

______ have the least freedom of particle motion, while _____ have the most freedom of particle motion

solids, gases

Solids have a more _______ energy of motion, while gases have a more _____ energy of motion

localized, dispersed

A change in the freedom of motion of particles in a system is a key factor affecting the _______ of a spontaneous process.

direction

What is a key factor that affects the DIRECTION of a spontaneous process?

A change in the freedom of motion of particles in a system