Latin test 1.1-1.4

Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur.

All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgae inhabit, the Aquitani another, those who in their own language are called Celts, in our (are called) Gauls, the third.

Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt.

All these differ from each other in language, customs and laws.

Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit.

The river Garonne separates the Gauls from the Aquitani; the Marne and the Seine separate them from the Belgae.

Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent important, proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt.

Of all these peoples, the Belgae are the bravest, because they are furthest from the civilization and refinement of [our] Province, and merchants least often go to visit them, and import those things which tend to effeminate the mind; and they are the nearest to the Germans, who live beyond the Rhine, with whom they are continually waging war.

Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt.

For this reason the Helvetii also surpass the rest of the Gauls in valor, as they contend with the Germans in almost daily battles, when they either repel them from their own territories, or themselves wage war on their borders.

Eorum una pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano; continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum; attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum; vergit ad septentriones.

One part of these, which it has been said that the Gauls occupy, takes its beginning at the river Rhone; it is contained by the river Garonne, the ocean, and the territories of the Belgae; it borders, too, on the side of the Sequani and the Helvetii, upon the river Rhine, and faces toward the north.

Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur; pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni; spectant in septentriones et orientem solem.

The territory of the Belgae begins from the outermost boundary of Celtic Gaul; it extends to the lower part of the river Rhine; and faces toward the north and the rising sun.

Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones.

Aquitania extends from the river Garonne to the Pyrenaean mountains and to that part of the ocean which is near Spain; it faces between the setting of the sun and the north star.

Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorix.

Among the Helvetii, Orgetorix was by far the most distinguished and wealthy.

Is, M. Messala et M. Pupio Pisone consulibus, regni cupiditate inductus coniurationem nobilitatis fecit et civitati persuasit, ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent perfacile esse, cum virtute omnibus praestarent, totus Galliae imperio potiri.

When M. Messala and M. Pupio Pisone were consuls, he, influenced by desire for supreme power, formed a conspiracy among the nobility, and persuaded the people to go forth from their territories with all their possessions, [saying] that it would be very easy, since they excelled all in valor, to get possession of the rule of all Gaul.

Id hoc facilius eis persuasit, quod undique loci natura Helvetii continentur: una ex parte flumine Rheno latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit; altera ex parte monte Iura altissimo, qui est inter Sequanos et Helvetios; tertia lacu Lemano et flumine Rhodano, qui provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit.

To this he the more easily persuaded them, because the Helvetii are confined on every side by the nature of their situation; on one side by the Rhine, a very broad and deep river, which separates the Helvetian territory from the Germans; on a second side by the Jura, a very high mountain, which is [situated] between the Sequani and the Helvetii; on a third by the Lake of Geneva, and by the river Rhone, which separates our Province from the Helvetii.

His rebus fiebat ut et minus late vagarentur et minus facile finitimis bellum inferre possent; qua ex parte homines bellandi cupidi magno dolore adficiebantur.

It happened that because of these factors, they wandered less widely and could less easily make war upon their neighbors; for which reason the people, fond of war, were affected with great regret.

Pro multitudine autem hominum et pro gloria belli atque fortitudinis angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur, qui in longitudinem milia passuum CCXL, in latitudinem CLXXX patebant.

They thought, that considering the extent of their population and their renown for warfare and bravery, they had narrow borders, although they extended in length 240 miles, and in width 180.

His rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti constituerunt ea quae ad proficiscendum pertinerent comparare, iumentorum et corrorum quam maximum numerum coemere, sementes quam maximas facere, ut in itinere copia frumenti suppeteret, cum proximis civitatibus pacem et amicitiam confirmare.

Induced by these considerations, and influenced by the authority of Orgetorix, they determined to provide such things as were necessary for their expedition ‐ to buy up as great a number as possible of beasts of burden and wagons ‐ to make their sowings as large as possible, so that on their march plenty of corn might be in store ‐ and to establish peace and friendship with the neighboring states.

Ad eas res conficiendas biennium sibi satis esse duxerunt; in tertium annum profectionem lege confirmant.

They reckoned that a term of two years would be sufficient for them to execute their designs; they fix by decree their departure for the third year.

Ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorix deligitur.

Orgetorix is chosen to complete these arrangements.

Is sibi legationem ad civitates suscepit.

He undertook for himself the diplomatic mission to the states.

In eo itinere persuadet Castico, Catamantaloedis filio, Sequana, cuius pater regnum in Sequanis multos annos obtinuerat et a senatu populi Romani amicus appellatus erat, ut regnum in civitate sua occuparet, quod pater ante habuerat; itemque Dumnorigi Aeduo, fratri Diviciaci, qui eo tempore principatum in civitate obtinebat ac maxime plebi acceptus erat, ut idem conaretur, persuadet, eique filiam suam in matrimonium dat.

On this journey he persuades Casticus, the son of Catamantaledes (one of the Sequani, whose father had possessed the sovereignty among the people for many years, and had been styled ʺfriendʺ by the senate of the Roman people), to seize upon the sovereignty in his own state, which his father had held before him, and he likewise persuades Dumnorix, an Aeduan, the brother of Divitiacus, who at that time possessed the chief authority in the state, and was exceedingly beloved by the people, to attempt the same, and gives him his daughter in marriage.

Perfacile factu esse illis probat conata perficere, propterea quod ipse suae civitatis imperium obtenurus esset: non esse dubium quin totius Galliae plurimum Helvetii possent; se suis copiis suoque exercitu illis regna conciliaturum confirmat.

He proves to them that to accomplish their attempts was a thing very easy to be done, because he himself would obtain the government of his own state; that there was no doubt that the Helvetii were the most powerful of the whole of Gaul; he assures them that he will, with his own forces and his own army, acquire the sovereignty for them.

Hac oratione adducti inter se fidem et ius iurandum dant et regno occupato per tres potentissimos ac firmissimos populos totius Galliae sese potiri posse sperant.

Incited by this speech, they give a pledge and oath to one another, and hope that, when they have seized the sovereignty, they will, by means of the three most powerful and valiant nations, be enabled to obtain possession of the whole of Gaul.

Ea res est Helvetiis per indicium enuntiata.

This matter was disclosed to the Helvetians through information.

Moribus suis Orgetorigem ex vinclis causam dicere coegerunt.

They, according to their custom, compelled Orgetorix to plead his cause in chains.

Damnatum poenam sequi oportebat ut igni cremaretur.

It was the law that the penalty of being burned by fire should await him if condemned.

Die constituta causae dictonis Orgetorix ad iudicium omnem suam familiam, ad hominum milia decem, undique coegit, et omnes clientes obaeratosque suos, quorum magnum numerum hebebat, eodem conduxit; per eos, ne causam diceret se eripuit.

On the day appointed for the pleading of his case, Orgetorix gathered from all sides to the court all his followers, about 10,000 people, and assembled to the same place all his clients and debtors, of which he had a great number; though this he saved himself from having to plead his case.

Cum civitas ob eam incitata armis ius exsequi conaretur, multitudinemque hominum ex agris magistratus cogerent, Orgetorix mortuus est; neque abest suspicio, ut Helvetii arbitrantur, quin ipse sibi mortem conscivereit.

When the tribe, stirred up on account of this matter, tried to carry out justice, and the magistrates were mustering a large body of men from the fields, Orgetorix died; and it is not without suspicion, as the Helvetians think that he himself decided upon death for himself.

case and use of Orgetorigem

accusative, direct object

what part of speech is damnatum

PPP

use of oportebat

impersonal

case and use of die constituta

ablative of time when

what does omnem modify

familiam

antecedent of quorum (quorum magnum numerum habebat)

obaeratos and clientes

neg clause of purpose

ne causam diceret

what kind of cum clause is cum…cogerent

causal

ad hominum milia decem modifies

familiam

eodem is translated

to the same place

neque…suspicio is

litotes

find an indirect command

persuasit…exirent

why is exirent subjunctive

indirect command

what kind of cum clause is cum…praestarent

causal

case and use of natura

ablative of means or cause

what is the subject of dividit

qui

what result clause is the subject of fiebat

ut…possent

case and use of longitudinem / latitudinem

acc of extent of space

what four complementary infinitives form an indirect statement with constituerunt

comparare, coemere, facere, confirmare

syntax of ad eas res conficiendas

gerundive showing purpose

case and use of obtenturus

FAP

una pars is the subject of which four verbs

capit, continetur, atingit, vergit

what type of clause is quae…pertinent

relative

case and use of virtute

ablative of respect

what is fere

adverb

what is lingue, institutis, legibus

tricolon, ablative of specification

case and use of cultu…humanitate

ablative of separation

what does minimeque modify

saepe

why is vagarentur subjunctive

result clause with fiebat

case and use of multos annos

acc of duration of time

what is conficiendas

gerundive

whats the supine

factu

why is possent subjunctive

doubt

what type of infinitive is potiri

complementary