AP Psychology Classical Conditioning/Operant Conditioning

Quiz

Learning

• Long lasting behavior change due to experience

• Exists because the natural CS is linked to UCR (acquisition) (not permanent)

• When CS is no longer connected to the UCS that is called extinction

Classical conditioning

• Type of associative learning
  ex) Pavlov experiment — digestion of dogs, dogs learned to salivate when triggered by a sound

• Passive learning (automatic, don’t have to consciously think)

• Needs an unconditional relationship

Unconditional Stimulus

— Something that causes a automatic natural response

Unconditional Response

— Responds to the unconditional stimulus

Neutral Stimulus

• Stimulus that doesn’t invoke a UCR

• Eventually, if you pair a NS with a response it’ll become a conditioned stimulus (CS) and a conditioned response (CR)

  • Learning takes place

Spontaneous Recovery

• After the CS is extinct, it can still sometimes reappear and trigger a CR

Generalization

• Similar to the CS so it triggers CR

Discrimination

• Can tell the difference between CS and similar stimuli so only the CS causes a CR

Higher Order Conditioning

First Order Conditioning happens first
Bell + Meat —> Salivation
Bell —> Salivation
Higher Order Conditioning
Bell + Light —> Salivation
Light —> Salivation

Higher-order conditioning happens when a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus by being paired with an existing CS, not with the original UCS.

Biological Preparedness

• Conditioned to fear certain items over others

Learned Taste Aversions

• One trial learning

• When food is paired with a sickness, it is incredibly strong conditioning

• Food has to be noticeable and new

Operant Conditioning

• Non passive learning

• Learnt based on consequences

Law of effect

• Good outcome —> more likely to be repeated

• Bad outcome —> less likely to be repeated

Skinner (behavioral perspective), Shaping

• Shaping — reinforcing small steps to prove a concept or a wanted behavior

• Used a Skinner box (operant conditioning chamber)

Cumulative Recorder

• attached to the Skinner Box

• Graphs organisms response rate

• Steeper graph —> more response rate

• Shallow graph —> less response rate

Reinforcement

• Increases a behavior

Positive Reinforcement

• Addition of something positive to increase a behavior

Negative reinforcement

• Removal of something negative to increase a behavior

• Two types

• Avoidance learning vs. Escape learning

Punishment

• Decreases a behavior

Positive Punishment

• Adding something unpleasant to decrease behavior

Negative Punishment

• Removing something pleasant to decrease behavior