ZOOLOGY REVIEWER 3 (PARTS OF CELL)

Cell Wall

part of the cell that is absent in many eukaryotes, including animals, but are present in some other ones like fungi, algae and plants, and in most prokaryotes. A major function is to act as pressure vessels, preventing over-expansion of the cell when water enters

Protoplasm

it is the living part of the cell, which comprises of different cellular organelles. It is a jelly-like, colorless, transparent and viscous living substances present within the cell wall.

Cell Membrane

it is also called the plasma membrane, is found in all cells and separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. it is consists of a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable. it is also regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell

Nucleus

it is the membrane-enclosed organelle within a cell that contains the chromosomes. An array of holes, or pores, in the nuclear membrane allows for the selective passage of certain molecules (such as proteins and nucleic acids) into and out of the nucleus.

Chromatin

chromosomal DNA carries the genetic information encoding cellular RNA and protein molecules

Nuclear Membrane

separates nuclear contents from cytoplasm Equipped with complex protein pores which allow movement of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm

Nucleoli

synthesis of ribosomal RNA

Chloroplast

an organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site of photosynthesis, which is the process by which energy from the Sun is converted into chemical energy for growth

Mitochondria

are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by them is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Ribosome

an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell. it reads the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and translates that genetic code into a specified string of amino acids, which grow into long chains that fold to form proteins

Golgi Complex

it prepares proteins and lipid (fat) molecules for use in other places inside and outside the cell

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

membranes studded with ribosomes ;functions in protein synthesis

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

it has no ribosomes ;functions in lipid synthesis

Vacuole

it is a membrane-bound cell organelle. In animal cells, they are generally small and help sequester waste products. In plant cells, it helps to maintain water balance. Sometimes a single vacuole can take up most of the interior space of the plant cell

Peroxisome

they are specialized for carrying out oxidative reactions using molecular oxygen. They generate hydrogen peroxide, which they use for oxidative purposes—destroying the excess by means of the catalase they contain.

Cytoskeleton

it is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and it also provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement.

Microfilaments

contractile protein filaments ;function in muscle contraction and other cellular movements

Microtubules

it is composed of the protein tubulin ;movement chromosomes during cell division ;larger diameter than microfilaments

Intermediate Filaments

it is larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules. resist cell stretching and help to hold adjacent cells together. type of intermediate filament often determined in cancerous cells to allow identification of the original cell type