CHEM 101 pt. 1

Matter

Everything that has mass and volume

Atom

Building block of matter and are in constant motion

Atoms

All substances are composed of these invisible particles

Atoms

The combination of these leads to millions of materials with different properties.

Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma, Bose Einstein Condensate

Matter is classified into four phases or states

Solids

Tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position

Solids

Have a definite shape and definite volume

Mass, Shape, Volume

Solids have definite

Liquid

Tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another

Liquids

Have indefinite, shape an a definite volume

Gas

Very far apart and move freely

Gas

Indefinite shape and indefinite volume

Melting

Solid to liquid

Freezing

Liquid to Solid

Vaporization

Liquid to gas

Boiling and Evaporation

Vaporization includes

Condensation

Gas to liquid

Sublimation

Solid to gas

Plasma

Ionized gas

Plasma

A very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields

Plasma

Common state of matter

Plasma

the form of matter that exists when the atoms are in an excited state

Lightning, auroras, and neon

Examples of Plasma

Sun

Star in plasma state

Bose-einstein condensate

a state of matter in which separate atoms or subatomic particles, cooled to near absolute zero (0 K, − 273.15 °C, or − 459.67 °F; K = kelvin), 

Blackholes

can be understood as a graviton Bose-Einstein condensate at the critical point of a quantum phase transition, identical to what has been observed in systems of cold atoms.

Aristotle

All matter flows continuously and is composed of 4 elements

Democritus

matter was made of small units called “atomos” that were indivisible

Dalton

All elements are composed of atoms and they are indestructible-like a solid sphere. They cannot be created or destroyed.

1. Atoms of the same element are exactly alike.

2. Atoms of different elements are different.

   1. Compounds are formed by the joining of atoms of two or more elements.

Thomson

Discovered negatively charged electrons cathode-ray experiment plum-pudding model

Rutherford

Gold foil experiment. the atom is mostly empty space with a tiny, dense, positively-charged nucleus

Bohr

–said electrons were in orbits or energy levels around the nucleus.

Energy Levels

The energy that an electron has is based on its location around the nucleus.

Erwin Schrodinger

• Electrons travel in regions called “electron clouds”

• You cannot predict exactly where an electron will be found

• Electrons move in

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

Atomic Parts

Protons

Positive; some mass’ on nucleus

Neutrons

no charge; some mass; in nucleus

Electrons

negative 9-0; no real mass but do take up most of the space around an atom

Atomic number

• Number of protons

• In a neutral atom (0 charge), the # of protons = the # of electrons

Atomic Mass

Number of Neutron + Proton

Isotopes

are atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons. 

Protons

The number of these for an atom never changes

Neutrons

The number that could change

Ion

Atom that gains or loses an electron

Cation

If the atom loses electrons, it becomes positively charged

Anion

If an atom gains electrons it becomes negatively charged

Protons and Electrons (no charge)

Atomic Number is

Protons + Neutrons

Atomic Mass

Atomic Mass - Protons

How to find Neutrons