AP Physics 2 unit 6

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152 Terms

1
Visible light
One type of electromagnetic (EM) radiation that represents a tiny portion of the whole EM spectrum.
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2
Electromagnetic radiation
Radiation that is transferred by waves that can interact with each other.
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3
Wave optics
The study of the effects of interaction with matter and interference with other waves.
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4
amplitude
the height, or magnitude, of an electromagnetic wave
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5
coherent
waves are in phase or have a definite phase relationship
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6
constructive interference
when two waves arrive at the same point exactly in phase; that is, the crests of the two waves are precisely aligned, as are the troughs
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7
constructive interference for a diffraction grating
occurs when the condition 𝑑sin𝜃=𝑚𝜆( for 𝑚=0,1,-1,2,-2,...) is satisfied, where 𝑑 is the distance between slits in the grating, 𝜆 is the wavelength of light, and 𝑚 is the order of the maximum
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8
constructive interference for a double slit
the path length difference must be an integral multiple of the wavelength
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9
converging lens
a convex lens in which light rays that enter it parallel to its axis converge at a single point on the opposite side
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10
converging mirror
a concave mirror in which light rays that strike it parallel to its axis converge at one or more points along the axis
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11
critical angle
incident angle that produces an angle of refraction of 90º
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12
destructive interference
when two identical waves arrive at the same point exactly out of phase; that is, precisely aligned crest to trough
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13
destructive interference for a double slit
the path length difference must be a half-integral multiple of the wavelength
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14
destructive interference for a single slit
occurs when 𝐷 sin𝜃 = 𝑚𝜆,(for 𝑚=1,-1,2,-2,3,...) where 𝐷 is the slit width, 𝜆 is the light's wavelength, 𝜃 is the angle relative to the original direction of the light, and 𝑚 is the order of the minimum
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15
dispersion
spreading of white light into its full spectrum of wavelengths
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16
diverging lens
a concave lens in which light rays that enter it parallel to its axis bend away (diverge) from its axis
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17
diffraction
the bending of a wave around the edges of an opening or an obstacle
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18
diffraction grating
a large number of evenly spaced parallel slits
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19
electromagnetic spectrum
the full range of wavelengths or frequencies of electromagnetic radiation
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20
focal length
distance from the center of a lens or curved mirror to its focal point
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21
focal point
for a converging lens or mirror, the point at which converging light rays cross; for a diverging lens or mirror, the point from which diverging light rays appear to originate
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22
frequency
the number of complete wave cycles (up-down-up) passing a given point within one second (cycles/second)
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23
infrared radiation (IR)
a region of the electromagnetic spectrum with a frequency range that extends from just below the red region of the visible light spectrum up to the microwave region, or from 0.74𝜇𝑚 to 300𝜇𝑚
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24
index of refraction
for a material, the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to that in the material
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25
incoherent
waves have random phase relationships
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26
law of reflection
angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence
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27
longitudinal wave
a wave in which the disturbance is parallel to the direction of propagation
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28
magnification
ratio of image height to object height
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29
microwaves
electromagnetic waves with wavelengths in the range from 1 mm to 1 m; they can be produced by currents in macroscopic circuits and devices
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30
periodic motion
motion that repeats itself at regular time intervals
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31
ray
straight line that originates at some point
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32
real image
image that can be projected
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33
refraction
changing of a light ray's direction when it passes through variations in matter
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34
superposition
the phenomenon that occurs when two or more waves arrive at the same point
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35
thin film interference
interference between light reflected from different surfaces of a thin film
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36
transverse wave
a wave, such as an electromagnetic wave, which oscillates perpendicular to the axis along the line of travel
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37
virtual image
image that cannot be projected
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38
ultra-high frequency (UHF)
TV channels in an even higher frequency range than VHF, of 470 to 1000 MHz
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39
ultraviolet radiation (UV)
electromagnetic radiation in the range extending upward in frequency from violet light and overlapping with the lowest X-ray frequencies, with wavelengths from 400 nm down to about 10 nm
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40
very high frequency (VHF)
TV channels utilizing frequencies in the two ranges of 54 to 88 MHz and 174 to 222 MHz
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41
visible light
the narrow segment of the electromagnetic spectrum to which the normal human eye responds
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42
wave
a disturbance that moves from its source and carries energy
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43
wave velocity
the speed at which the disturbance moves
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44
Wavelength
The distance from one peak to the next in a wave.
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45
Wavelength in a medium
𝜆n = 𝜆/𝑛 where 𝜆 is the wavelength in vacuum, and 𝑛 is the index of refraction of the medium.
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46
X-ray
Invisible, penetrating form of very high frequency electromagnetic radiation, overlapping both the ultraviolet range and the 𝛾 ray range.
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47
Wave
A disturbance that propagates, or moves from the place it was created.
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48
Wave period (T)
The time for one complete up and down motion of a wave.
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49
Wave frequency (f)
The number of cycles per unit time, calculated as 𝑓=1/𝑇.
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50
Wave velocity (𝑣w)
The speed at which the disturbance moves, also called propagation velocity or propagation speed.
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51
Mechanical waves
Waves that need a medium through which they travel.
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52
Electromagnetic waves
Waves that can travel in the absence of a medium of propagation.
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53
Transverse wave
A wave where the disturbance is perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
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54
Longitudinal wave
A wave where the disturbance is parallel to the direction of propagation.
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55
Superposition
The phenomenon where two or more waves arrive at the same point and their disturbances are superimposed.
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56
Constructive interference
When two identical waves arrive at the same point exactly in phase, producing a wave with twice the amplitude of the individual waves.
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57
Destructive interference
When two identical waves arrive exactly out of phase, producing a resulting amplitude of zero.
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58
Standing wave
A wave formed by the superposition of two or more moving waves that appear to vibrate in place.
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59
Electromagnetic wave characteristics
An electromagnetic wave has a frequency and a wavelength associated with it and travels at the speed of light, or 𝑐.
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60
Propagation speed relationship
The relationship among wave characteristics can be described by 𝑣W = 𝑓𝜆.
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61
Speed of light (c)
The speed at which all electromagnetic waves travel, defined by the equation 𝑐 = 𝑓𝜆.
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62
Electromagnetic Spectrum
The various types of electromagnetic waves categorized according to their wavelengths and frequencies.
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63
High-frequency electromagnetic waves
More energetic and able to penetrate better than low-frequency waves.
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64
Information capacity of electromagnetic waves
High-frequency electromagnetic waves can carry more information per unit time than low-frequency waves.
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65
Wavelength and detail resolution
The shorter the wavelength of any electromagnetic wave probing a material, the smaller the detail it is possible to resolve.
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66
Transmission, reflection, and absorption
When an electromagnetic wave impinges on a material, it can be transmitted, reflected, or absorbed, including partial cases.
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67
Ray Aspect of Light
Light travels in straight lines called rays, originating from a source to another location.
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68
Light travel through media
Light can travel through various media, such as air and glass, to reach a person.
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69
Reflection of light
Light can arrive after being reflected, such as by a mirror.
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70
Definition of a ray
A ray is a straight line that originates at some point.
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71
Light interaction with objects
When light interacts with objects several times as large as its wavelength, it travels in straight lines and acts like a ray.
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72
Wavelength of light
The wavelength of light is less than a micron (a thousandth of a millimeter).
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73
Geometric optics
The part of optics where the ray aspect of light dominates, described by geometry and simple trigonometry.
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74
Law of Reflection
The angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence, measured with respect to a normal to the surface.
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75
Law of Refraction
Refraction is the changing of a light ray's direction when it passes through variations in matter.
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76
Refraction phenomena
Refraction is responsible for a range of optical phenomena, from lenses to voice transmission through optical fibers.
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77
Index of Refraction
The index of refraction 𝑛 of a material is defined to be 𝑛 = 𝑐/𝑣, where 𝑣 is the observed speed of light in the material.
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78
Speed of light in matter
The speed of light is always less than 𝑐 in matter and equals 𝑐 only in a vacuum.
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79
Index of refraction value
The index of refraction is always greater than or equal to one.
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80
Change in speed of light
The change in the speed of light is related to the indices of refraction of the media involved.
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81
Law of Refraction
The exact mathematical relationship stated in equation form as 𝑛1sin𝜃1=𝑛2sin𝜃2.
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82
Indices of Refraction
𝑛1 and 𝑛2 are the indices of refraction for medium 1 and 2.
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83
Incident Ray
The incoming ray that strikes the boundary between two materials.
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84
Refracted Ray
The outgoing ray that is bent as it passes into a different medium.
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85
Incident Angle
The angle between the incident ray and the perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence.
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86
Refracted Angle
The angle between the refracted ray and the perpendicular to the surface at the point of refraction.
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87
Critical Angle (𝜃𝑐)
The incident angle 𝜃1 that produces an angle of refraction of 90º.
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88
Total Internal Reflection
Occurs when the incident angle 𝜃1 is greater than the critical angle 𝜃𝑐, resulting in all light being reflected back into medium 1.
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89
Critical Angle Formula
𝜃𝑐 = sin−1 ( 𝑛2/𝑛1 ) for 𝑛1 > 𝑛2.
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90
Convex Lens
A lens that converges light rays that enter it parallel to its axis to a single point on the opposite side.
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91
Focal Point (F)
The point at which light rays cross after passing through a convex lens.
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92
Focal Length (𝑓)
The distance from the center of the lens to its focal point.
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93
Concave Lens
A diverging lens that causes light rays to bend away from its axis.
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94
Ray Tracing
The technique of determining or following the paths that light rays take.
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95
Thin Symmetrical Lens
A lens that has two focal points, one on either side, both at the same distance from the lens.
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96
Ray Behavior in Converging Lens
A ray entering a converging lens parallel to its axis passes through the focal point F of the lens on the other side.
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97
Ray Behavior in Diverging Lens
A ray entering a diverging lens parallel to its axis seems to come from the focal point F.
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98
Image Distance (si)
The distance of the image from the center of a lens.
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99
Object Distance (so)
The distance of an object from the center of a lens.
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100
Height of Object (ℎo)
The height of the object.
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