First Aid

Leading Causes of Death 2022

Hearth Disease: 26.2%

Cancer: 22.7%

Unintentional injuries: 8.5%

COVID-19: 6.9%

Goals

Do no harm

Provide care that minimize the effects of the injury/illness

Using these skills can make the difference between life and death

Good Samaritan Law

Protects someone who provides aid to an injured person in an emergency

Basic Principles

Stay Calm

Assess the environment

Call for help

Obtain consent to treat victim

Try to determine what happened

Practice standard precautions

Basic Principles 2

Enlist help of bystanders

Do not move the victim unless the situation is unsafe

Reassure victim

Do not give the victim anything to eat or drink

Do not discuss the victims condition with observers at the scene

Adult Out of Hospital Chain of Survival

Recognition of cardiac arrest and activation of the emergency response system

Early cardiopulmonary resuscitation with an emphasis on chest compressions

Rapid defibrillation

Basic and advanced emergency medical services

Advanced life support and post-cardiac arrest care

Pediatric Chain of Survival

Prevention of injuries and cardiac arrest

Early CPR

Early access to EMS systems prepared for the child’s needs

Early and effective pediatric advanced life support

Emergency Procedures

Check:

Scene: “is it safe?”

Find help

Victim: “are u ok?” check for unresponsiveness

Call-: 911, summon advanced med professionals

CARE

Emergency Prodedures

Heart Attack/Cardiac Arrest: not the same

Foreign Body Obstruction: mostly talking about choking

Choking

Anaphylaxis: severe allergic reaction

Poisoning

Shock

Uncontrolled Bleeding: ex: stab wounds

Coronary Heart Disease

Angina Pectoris: Chest Pain- retrosternal

Something sitting on chest feeling

shortness of breath, sweating, nauseous, radiating pain, pain goes away when resting

Coronary Hearth Disease

Myocardial Infarction (heart attack)

Chest pain

Retrosternal pain may radiate to shoulder, neck, arms, back, and jaw

sitting on chest feeling

shortness of breath

sweating nauseous

radiating pain

Death of a portion of the heart muscle

Unresponsive CAB

C- Check for circulation

Carotid artery

No longer than 10 seconds

A-Airway

Head tilt, chin lift

B- Check for breathing

Cardiac Arrest

Arrest: stops

Heart stops: dead

CPR: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (revive heart and lungs)

Breathe: o2 into the blood

Compressions- “squash” the heart against the backbone to circulate the blood

CAB CPR

Compressions:

depth of 2 inches

rate- 100 compressions per minute

30 compressions 2 breaths

Airway:

head tilt, chin lift

Breaths-

2 breaths- just enough to make the chest rise

5 cycles of 30:2, check pulse 10 seconds, if no pulse do again

AED (Automatic External Defibrillator)

Ventricular fibrillation: heart is quivering

Goal is to stop the heart from fibrillating, so normal pattern resumes

Defibrillation

Preliminaries:

Avoid wet areas

Take off clothing with metal

Place on bare skin

Remove patches

Sequence:

Power on

Attach pads

Plug pads into AED

Stand clear

Analyzing heart rhythm

Electrical activity shock

No electrical activity-continue CPR

Foreign body obstruction (choking)

Conscious- Ask if assistance is needing

Universal signs: hands around necks, no coughing or sound

Get consent to help

Adults and children:

Abdominal thrusts

Thumb side of fist just above the naval

Other hand cover the fist

Upward abdominal thrusts

Infants:

Head down

5 back blows- 5 compressions

Sandwich roll

Gravity to assist

Respiratory Arrest

Unconscious (1 person)

2 Breathes if air doesnt go in-

Re tilt

30 chest compressions

Look, sweep if something visible

Breath

Repeat until air goes in

Anaphylaxis

Keep victim calm

Call 911

Epi-pen if available

Poisoning

Look for symptoms

Burn or redness around the mouth and lips, Breath that smells like chemicals, vomiting

Call poison control center take container to phone

give syrup of ipecac or activated charcoal if advised

Shock

Lay person down

elevate feet unless injury so blood rushes

Keep person warm and comfortable

Uncontrolled Bleeding

Elevate if possible

cover with gauze

apply pressure

apply additional gauze if needed

wrap with bandage and tie over wound

Seizures

Do nothing, remove all objects to keep scene safe

Assess victim after seizure stops

Burns

Remove the heat, cool the burn, cover the burn

Strokes

Face

Arms

Speech

Time

Strains and Sprains

REST

ICE
COMPRESSION
ELEVATE