B-2 ELA Certification Exam

Schema application

people store information according to certain rules when they memorize information

Recall

to remember or bring back information from memory

Literal Comprehension

the most basic level of understanding a text, where a reader can identify and recall facts, details, and information directly stated within the text

Inference

a conclusion or opinion that is formed because of known facts or evidence.

Print Concepts

the understanding that print carries meaning, that books contain letters and words.

Morphemes

the smallest meaningful units in a given language

Print directionality

the ability to identify the orientation and alignment of words in a given language

one-to-one correspondence

the ability to match written word to spoke word while reading

segment

the understanding that print carries meaning, that books contain letters and words.

alphabetic principle

the understanding that there are systematic and predictable relationships between written letters and spoken sounds.

reading readiness

the stage when a child has developed the necessary skills and understanding to learn how to read

accuracy

the degree to which information is correct, precise, and free from errors

intonation

describes how the voice rises and falls in speech

emergent reader phase

have knowledge of phonological awareness and the alphabetic principle and a command of high-frequency word

high frequency words

lists of words that occur often in printed English texts

consistent point of view

maintaining a uniform perspective (first-person, second-person, and third-person)

sentence structure

order of all the parts in a sentence: subject, predicate, objects, phrases, punctuation, etc

syntax

the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences

manipulating sounds

The ability to change the individual sounds in spoken words.

phonemic awareness

the ability to recognize that words are made of individual sounds (phonenes)

phonological awareness

the ability to recognize and manipulate the spoken parts of words, including syllables, onset-rime, and phonemes

receptive

new language learners typically spend time learning vocabulary and practice pronouncing new words. While they may engage in self-talk, they don't normally speak the language with any fluency or real understanding.

early production

Students can speak some words and begin to form short phrases in the new language

speech emergence

learn to communicate by putting the words in short phrases, sentences, and questions. Again, they may not be grammatically correct, but this is an important stage

Intermediate Fluency

the ability to communicate in writing and speech using more complex sentences.

phonemic awareness

The ability to identify and manipulate individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words.