Biotechnology and Society Lecture Notes

These flashcards cover key concepts in biotechnology as discussed in lecture notes for helping students prepare for examinations.

What is biotechnology?

The use of living organisms to make a product.

What do rum, wine, beer, yogurt, and cheese have in common?

Their manufacture depends on living organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye.

Differentiate between artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization.

Artificial insemination involves placing sperm directly into a woman's reproductive system, while in vitro fertilization involves fertilizing an egg outside the body and then implanting it.

What is the purpose of genetic engineering?

To transfer genes from one organism to another or within an organism to modify its traits.

What type of biotechnology is used to produce human insulin?

Modern biotechnology through genetic engineering.

What are transgenic organisms?

Organisms that carry a gene from another species.

What is a recombinant vaccine?

A vaccine that uses cloned genes containing antigens inserted into a harmless organism.

What is the function of the Human Genome Project?

To determine the complete sequence of the human genome and identify all human genes.

What is the significance of hybridomas in biotechnology?

Hybridomas are used to produce large quantities of antibodies.

What ethical concerns are associated with biotechnology?

Concerns about manipulation of organisms, safety of GMOs, and the implications of genetic engineering.

What are the concerns related to GMOs?

Possible health risks, environmental impact, and corporate control over food resources.

What is the cost range for sperm donation procedures at the Hugh Wynter Fertility Unit?

$450-$750 for sperm and $500-$1000 for the procedure.

What is the goal of genetic therapy?

To replace defective genes with functional ones to treat genetic diseases.

How can HIV be transmitted?

Through blood, semen, vaginal fluids, breast milk, and from mother to child during birth.

What is significant about the insulin produced by genetically modified E. coli?

It is cheaper, human insulin and it reduces allergic reactions in patients.

What does the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety address?

The movement of GMOs across national borders to ensure safe handling and use.

What are the roles of the National Biosafety Committee (NBC)?

To advise the government on GMOs, establish regulatory frameworks, and ensure safety assessments.

What technological advancement allows for improved crop yields in biotechnology?

Genetic engineering.

What are the benefits of biotechnology in agriculture?

Improved disease resistance, higher yields, and reduced pesticide use.

What are some examples of Caribbean biotech contributions?

Development of disease-resistant cocoa plants, Jamaica Hope cattle, virus-resistant papaya.

How does amniocentesis assist in prenatal diagnostics?

By allowing the detection of genetic abnormalities before birth.

What is the recommended practice for bioethics in biotechnology?

To weigh the benefits against the risks of new technologies.

What factors contribute to the rise of AIDS cases in Jamaica's youth?

Risky behaviors, inter-generational sex, and reduced public education campaigns.

What is the importance of DNA profiling in forensic science?

To identify suspects and clear the innocent in legal cases.

What are the risks associated with the corporate monopoly in biotechnology?

Potential control over the seed market and access to agricultural resources.

What does gene therapy aim to treat?

Genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis and sickle cell disease.

What is the primary use of plasmids in genetic engineering?

To facilitate the transfer of genes between organisms.

What technique is used to produce large quantities of antibodies for diagnostic testing?

Hybridoma technology.

What is the role of B cells in the immune response?

To produce antibodies that fight against specific pathogens.

What ethical question arises from stem cell research?

Is it ethical to harvest stem cells from human embryos?

What are the main components of a vaccine?

Antigens that stimulate the immune response to disease.

What is functional replacement in biotechnology?

Replacing defective genes with functional ones.

What defines a successful in vitro fertilization process?

Fertilization of eggs outside the body followed by implantation in the womb.

How can biotechnology impact food security?

By increasing crop resilience and yield in response to changing environmental conditions.

What does the term 'superweeds' refer to?

Weeds that develop resistance to herbicides as a result of gene transfer from GM crops.

What are the potential downsides of GM foods?

Health concerns, environmental impact, and ethical issues surrounding genetic manipulation.

What does biotechnology in medicine encompass?

Developing treatments, vaccines, and diagnostics using biotechnological methods.

How does tissue culture contribute to plant biotechnology?

It allows for the growth of new plants from plant tissues under controlled conditions.

What was a significant initiative launched to improve food safety related to GMOs?

The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.

What are two examples of Caribbean scientists in biotechnology?

Dr. T P Lecky and Prof. Paula Tennant.

What is gene cloning in the context of biotechnology?

Copying a specific gene from one organism for use in another.

What is the first genetically engineered animal approved for food consumption?

The transgenic salmon.

What are functional foods in the context of biotechnology?

Foods enhanced with genetically modified ingredients that offer health benefits.

What are some implications of stem cell research?

Potential treatments for diseases and ethical considerations regarding embryo use.

What is the significance of the Human Genome Project in healthcare?

Identifying genes associated with diseases to improve diagnosis and treatment.

What concerns exist about the use of antibiotics in animal biotechnology?

Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

What technique is used to make plants resistant to diseases in biotechnology?

Genetic modification to insert resistance genes.

What are two major concerns regarding the ethical aspects of biotechnology?

Sustainability and the manipulation of natural life forms.

What is gene therapy's approach for treating cystic fibrosis?

To correct the defective CFTR gene with a healthy copy.