Exam 4

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In the sympathetic nervous system, _______________ is secreted by postganglionic neurons onto target tissues.

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1

In the sympathetic nervous system, _______________ is secreted by postganglionic neurons onto target tissues.

Norepinephrine

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2

Preganglionic neurons are relatively shorter in the ________ nervous system.

Sympathetic

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3

The ___________ nervous system has thoracolumbar emanations from the CNS.

Sympathetic

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4

The ___________ nervous system, when activated, will shunt blood to skeletal muscles, and away from the intestines.

Sympathetic

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5

Skeletal muscle contraction is mediated by _________ receptors.

Nicotinic ACh (nACh)

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6

Muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs) are:

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

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7

Target tissues express _____________, which are stimulated by parasympathetic activity.

Muscarinic ACh (mAChRs)

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8

To lower blood pressure, a patient may take a:

β adrenergic receptor antagonist

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9

________ means “wandering”.

Vagus

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10

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are:

Cholinergic

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11

The gray ramus of the sympathetic trunk is comprised of axons of _______ neurons.

Postganglionic

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12

Pupillary dilation is caused by the ___________ nervous system.

Sympathetic

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13

Photoreceptor cells release the neurotransmitter _________ onto bipolar cells.

GABA

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14

G-proteins are “active” when bound to:

GTP

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15

Odorant receptors (ORs) are:

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

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16

“________” taste is detection of protein levels (specifically, the amino acid glutamate).

Umami

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17

T or F: Taste receptor cells (gustatory cells) are not neurons.

True

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18

T or F: Some taste receptors are ligand-gated ion channels.

True

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19

The malleus is part of the ______ ear.

middle

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20

The __________ is the part of the ear that detects sound.

Spiral organ (of Corti)

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21

The receptor for sound is a(n):

Mechanoreceptor

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22

T or F: A cochlear implant is useful in treating central auditory deafness.

False

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23

The maculae of the vestibule detect:

Linear acceleration

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24

Steroid hormones are:

Hydrophobic

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25

Steroid hormones have _________ receptors.

Intracellular

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26

The G-protein Gi does which of the following:

Inhibits adenylate cyclase (AC)

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27

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion is controlled by __________ regulation.

hormonal

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28

The ___________ is the master regulator of the endocrine system.

hypothalamus

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29

_________ is a corticosteroid.

Aldosterone

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30

_________ is an anterior pituitary hormone (i.e., secreted by the anterior pituitary).

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

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31

_________ cells of the thyroid secrete calcitonin.

Parafollicular

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32

In the absence of dietary iodine… a. Thyroglobulin expression (production) is abolished. b. Thyrotropin-release hormone (TRH) secretion is abolished. c. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion is abolished. d. None of the above

None of the above

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33

High thyroid hormone (TH, T3, or T4) levels are caused by:

Grave’s disease

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34

__________ levels of leptin stimulate “hunger” perception in the CNS.

Low

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35

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a ___________.

Gonadocorticoid

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36

Aldosterone _________ blood pressure.

raises

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37

Hypersecretion of __________ can lower blood glucose.

insulin

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38

Steroid hormones are secreted by the adrenal ___________.

cortex

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39

____________ stimulates uterine contractions, milk ejection, and can also function as a neurotransmitter with a role in sexual and maternal bonding.

Oxytocin (OT)

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40

___________ stimulates production of eggs and sperm.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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41

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) __________ blood pressure.

raises

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42

“Mel” means:

honey

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43

Pancreatic __________ cells secrete glucagon.

Alpha

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44

Hypersecretion of ________ causes dwarfism.

Somatostatin (GHIH)

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45

One half of the autonomic nervous system is the ___________ nervous system.

sympathetic

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46

Parkinson’s disease primarily affects ___________ neurons.

dopaminergic

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47

________ matter is comprised of neuronal somas and dendrites.

Gray

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48

The precentral gyrus (an anatomical term) is also known (functionally) as the ___________.

Primary (1 degree) motor cortex

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49

In which brain region are learned motor programs (e.g., typing on a computer keyboard) stored?

Pre-motor association cortex

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50

Which brain region interprets the meaning of tactile (touch) stimuli (e.g., if your eyes were closed and you were asked to feel and identify some sandpaper):

Somatosensory association cortex

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51

_____________ mediates the production of words in speech and writing.

Brocas area

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52

The ____________ is predominantly affected in Huntington’s disease.

Striatum/Basal ganglia

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53

The ____________ is the brain region involved in forming memories.

hippocampus

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54

_________ means “dance”.

Chorea

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55

The spinothalamic tract carries _________ information to the brain.

pain

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56

Which is NOT part of the brain stem:

thalamus

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57

The __________ secretes melatonin to promote sleep.

epithalamus

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58

The __________ is the master regulator of the endocrine system.

hypothalamus

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59

The __________ is the major relay station between the cortex and all sub-cortical areas.

thalamus

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60

The ___________ is the major relay station to/from the cerebellum.

pons

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61

The ____________ contains specialized Purkinje cells and modulates motor activity based on input from vestibulocochlear and proprioceptive inputs.

cerebellum

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62

__________ means “bridge”.

pons

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63

The ______________ mediates emotions generally.

limbic system

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64

The _____________ mediates sadness, depression, and fear in particular.

amygdala

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65

The ______________ blocks unimportant/banal stimuli to allow for focused attention.

reticular formation

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66

Insomnia means:

inability to sleep

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67

The adult brain stem cells of the SGZ and SVZ are located near the:

ventricles

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68

Drugs that _______________ activity are used to treat epilepsy/seizures.

increase GABA-ergic

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69

_________ means “taste”.

gustatory

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70

TRPM8 is activated by:

cold and menthol

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71

Fast-adapting receptors are also known as:

phasic

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72

The __________ level of sensory integration refers to the cerebral cortex.

perceptual

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73

Larger receptive fields (i.e., fewer sensory neurons) means _____________ resolution.

lower/worse

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74

The segmental level of motor control includes:

spinal cord

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75

Upper motor neurons have their somas/dendrites located in the:

cortex

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76

The dorsal root ganglion (DRG) contains:

sensory neuron somas

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77

Use your Vocab: What does “apnea” literally mean?

Without breathing

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78

Why does increasing GABAergic activity help to block epileptic seizures?

inhibits

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79

The brain region that filters out unnecessary/banal stimuli:

reticular formation

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80

The brain region that functions in emotions (generally):

limbic formation

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81

The brain region that functions in fear/depression:

amygdala

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82

A drug that inhibited GABAergic neurons would ________ seizures.

Induce (cause)

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83

The brain region where neural stem cells reside:

lining the ventricle especially sgz, svz

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84

Inability to sleep is:

insomnia

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85

Cessation of breathing during sleep is:

sleep apnea

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86

Sudden bouts of REM sleep is:

narcolepsy

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87

List the normal stages of sleep in the correct order, up until REM:

1,2,3,4,3,2, rem

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88

Visceral motor neuron somas are located in which part of the spinal cord? (be specific)

More anterior side, viscerally located on the lateral gray horn (efferent) (ventral root)

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89

Somatic sensory neuron somas are located where?

Receptor for touch and looking at soma dorsal root ganglia

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90

Somatic interneuron somas are located where?

Posterior part of dorsal gray horn

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91

What does “diencephalon” mean?

two heads

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92

What does “circadian” mean?

around the day

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93

Name the 4 main brain regions.

Cortex, cerebellum, brain stem, Diencephalon

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94

Name the 3 parts of Diencephalon & List 1 function of each.

Thalamus- cortical synapses (relay station) Hypothalamus- regulates the endocrine hormones Epithalamus- secretes melatonin which promotes sleep

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95

Name 3 parts of Brain stem & List 1 function of each.

Midbrain- movement Pons- receiving and sending info from cerebellum Medulla- blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting

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96

Name (any) 3 brain structures implicated in Motor Efferent signal production.

Primary motor cortex, premotor association, cerebellum, midbrain, thalamus, striatum

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97

Where are the Dopaminergic neurons located, which are killed in Parkinson’s disease? (be specific)

substantia nigra of midbrain

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98

What make the Pons appear to have horizontal “stripes”?

Axons passing over the front

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99

Which brain region acts as the Relay Station between Cortical and Sub-cortical (e.g., spinal) signals?

thalamus

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100

What is the name of the bundle of axons mediating Pain input?

Spinothalamic tract

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