Exam 4

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142 Terms

1
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In the sympathetic nervous system, _______________ is secreted by postganglionic neurons onto target tissues.
Norepinephrine
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Preganglionic neurons are relatively shorter in the ________ nervous system.
Sympathetic
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The ___________ nervous system has thoracolumbar emanations from the CNS.
Sympathetic
4
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The ___________ nervous system, when activated, will shunt blood to skeletal muscles, and away from the intestines.
Sympathetic
5
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Skeletal muscle contraction is mediated by _________ receptors.
Nicotinic ACh (nACh)
6
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Muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs) are:
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
7
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Target tissues express _____________, which are stimulated by parasympathetic activity.
Muscarinic ACh (mAChRs)
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To lower blood pressure, a patient may take a:
β adrenergic receptor antagonist
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________ means “wandering”.
Vagus
10
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Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are:
Cholinergic
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The gray ramus of the sympathetic trunk is comprised of axons of _______ neurons.
Postganglionic
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Pupillary dilation is caused by the ___________ nervous system.
Sympathetic
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Photoreceptor cells release the neurotransmitter _________ onto bipolar cells.
GABA
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G-proteins are “active” when bound to:
GTP
15
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Odorant receptors (ORs) are:
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
16
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“________” taste is detection of protein levels (specifically, the amino acid glutamate).
Umami
17
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T or F: Taste receptor cells (gustatory cells) are not neurons.
True
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T or F: Some taste receptors are ligand-gated ion channels.
True
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The malleus is part of the ______ ear.
middle
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The __________ is the part of the ear that detects sound.
Spiral organ (of Corti)
21
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The receptor for sound is a(n):
Mechanoreceptor
22
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T or F: A cochlear implant is useful in treating central auditory deafness.
False
23
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The maculae of the vestibule detect:
Linear acceleration
24
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Steroid hormones are:
Hydrophobic
25
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Steroid hormones have _________ receptors.
Intracellular
26
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The G-protein Gi does which of the following:
Inhibits adenylate cyclase (AC)
27
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Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion is controlled by __________ regulation.
hormonal
28
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The ___________ is the master regulator of the endocrine system.
hypothalamus
29
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_________ is a corticosteroid.
Aldosterone
30
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_________ is an anterior pituitary hormone (i.e., secreted by the anterior pituitary).
Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
31
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_________ cells of the thyroid secrete calcitonin.
Parafollicular
32
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In the absence of dietary iodine…
a. Thyroglobulin expression (production) is abolished.
b. Thyrotropin-release hormone (TRH) secretion is abolished.
c. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion is abolished.
d. None of the above
None of the above
33
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High thyroid hormone (TH, T3, or T4) levels are caused by:
Grave’s disease
34
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__________ levels of leptin stimulate “hunger” perception in the CNS.
Low
35
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Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a ___________.
Gonadocorticoid
36
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Aldosterone _________ blood pressure.
raises
37
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Hypersecretion of __________ can lower blood glucose.
insulin
38
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Steroid hormones are secreted by the adrenal ___________.
cortex
39
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____________ stimulates uterine contractions, milk ejection, and can also function as a neurotransmitter with a role in sexual and maternal bonding.
Oxytocin (OT)
40
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___________ stimulates production of eggs and sperm.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
41
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) __________ blood pressure.
raises
42
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“Mel” means:
honey
43
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Pancreatic __________ cells secrete glucagon.
Alpha
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Hypersecretion of ________ causes dwarfism.
Somatostatin (GHIH)
45
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One half of the autonomic nervous system is the ___________ nervous system.
sympathetic
46
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Parkinson’s disease primarily affects ___________ neurons.
dopaminergic
47
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________ matter is comprised of neuronal somas and dendrites.
Gray
48
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The precentral gyrus (an anatomical term) is also known (functionally) as the ___________.
Primary (1 degree) motor cortex
49
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In which brain region are learned motor programs (e.g., typing on a computer keyboard) stored?
Pre-motor association cortex
50
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Which brain region interprets the meaning of tactile (touch) stimuli (e.g., if your eyes were closed and you were asked to feel and identify some sandpaper):
Somatosensory association cortex
51
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_____________ mediates the production of words in speech and writing.
Brocas area
52
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The ____________ is predominantly affected in Huntington’s disease.
Striatum/Basal ganglia
53
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The ____________ is the brain region involved in forming memories.
hippocampus
54
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_________ means “dance”.
Chorea
55
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The spinothalamic tract carries _________ information to the brain.
pain
56
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Which is NOT part of the brain stem:
thalamus
57
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The __________ secretes melatonin to promote sleep.
epithalamus
58
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The __________ is the master regulator of the endocrine system.
hypothalamus
59
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The __________ is the major relay station between the cortex and all sub-cortical areas.
thalamus
60
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The ___________ is the major relay station to/from the cerebellum.
pons
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The ____________ contains specialized Purkinje cells and modulates motor activity based on input from vestibulocochlear and proprioceptive inputs.
cerebellum
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__________ means “bridge”.
pons
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The ______________ mediates emotions generally.
limbic system
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The _____________ mediates sadness, depression, and fear in particular.
amygdala
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The ______________ blocks unimportant/banal stimuli to allow for focused attention.
reticular formation
66
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Insomnia means:
inability to sleep
67
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The adult brain stem cells of the SGZ and SVZ are located near the:
ventricles
68
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Drugs that _______________ activity are used to treat epilepsy/seizures.
increase GABA-ergic
69
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_________ means “taste”.
gustatory
70
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TRPM8 is activated by:
cold and menthol
71
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Fast-adapting receptors are also known as:
phasic
72
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The __________ level of sensory integration refers to the cerebral cortex.
perceptual
73
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Larger receptive fields (i.e., fewer sensory neurons) means _____________ resolution.
lower/worse
74
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The segmental level of motor control includes:
spinal cord
75
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Upper motor neurons have their somas/dendrites located in the:
cortex
76
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The dorsal root ganglion (DRG) contains:
sensory neuron somas
77
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Use your Vocab: What does “apnea” literally mean?
Without breathing
78
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Why does increasing GABAergic activity help to block epileptic seizures?
inhibits
79
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The brain region that filters out unnecessary/banal stimuli:
reticular formation
80
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The brain region that functions in emotions (generally):
limbic formation
81
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The brain region that functions in fear/depression:
amygdala
82
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A drug that inhibited GABAergic neurons would ________ seizures.
Induce (cause)
83
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The brain region where neural stem cells reside:
lining the ventricle especially sgz, svz
84
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Inability to sleep is:
insomnia
85
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Cessation of breathing during sleep is:
sleep apnea
86
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Sudden bouts of REM sleep is:
narcolepsy
87
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List the normal stages of sleep in the correct order, up until REM:
1,2,3,4,3,2, rem
88
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Visceral motor neuron somas are located in which part of the spinal cord? (be specific)
More anterior side, viscerally located on the lateral gray horn (efferent) (ventral root)
89
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Somatic sensory neuron somas are located where?
Receptor for touch and looking at soma dorsal root ganglia
90
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Somatic interneuron somas are located where?
Posterior part of dorsal gray horn
91
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What does “diencephalon” mean?
two heads
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What does “circadian” mean?
around the day
93
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Name the 4 main brain regions.
Cortex, cerebellum, brain stem, Diencephalon
94
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Name the 3 parts of Diencephalon & List 1 function of each.
Thalamus- cortical synapses (relay station)
Hypothalamus- regulates the endocrine hormones
Epithalamus- secretes melatonin which promotes sleep
95
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Name 3 parts of Brain stem & List 1 function of each.
Midbrain- movement
Pons- receiving and sending info from cerebellum
Medulla- blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting
96
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Name (any) 3 brain structures implicated in Motor Efferent signal production.
Primary motor cortex, premotor association, cerebellum, midbrain, thalamus, striatum
97
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Where are the Dopaminergic neurons located, which are killed in Parkinson’s disease? (be specific)
substantia nigra of midbrain
98
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What make the Pons appear to have horizontal “stripes”?
Axons passing over the front
99
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Which brain region acts as the Relay Station between Cortical and Sub-cortical (e.g., spinal) signals?
thalamus
100
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What is the name of the bundle of axons mediating Pain input?
Spinothalamic tract