Exam 4

In the sympathetic nervous system, _______________ is secreted by postganglionic neurons onto target tissues.

Norepinephrine

Preganglionic neurons are relatively shorter in the ________ nervous system.

Sympathetic

The ___________ nervous system has thoracolumbar emanations from the CNS.

Sympathetic

The ___________ nervous system, when activated, will shunt blood to skeletal muscles, and away from the intestines.

Sympathetic

Skeletal muscle contraction is mediated by _________ receptors.

Nicotinic ACh (nACh)

Muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs) are:

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

Target tissues express _____________, which are stimulated by parasympathetic activity.

Muscarinic ACh (mAChRs)

To lower blood pressure, a patient may take a:

β adrenergic receptor antagonist

________ means “wandering”.

Vagus

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are:

Cholinergic

The gray ramus of the sympathetic trunk is comprised of axons of _______ neurons.

Postganglionic

Pupillary dilation is caused by the ___________ nervous system.

Sympathetic

Photoreceptor cells release the neurotransmitter _________ onto bipolar cells.

GABA

G-proteins are “active” when bound to:

GTP

Odorant receptors (ORs) are:

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

“________” taste is detection of protein levels (specifically, the amino acid glutamate).

Umami

T or F: Taste receptor cells (gustatory cells) are not neurons.

True

T or F: Some taste receptors are ligand-gated ion channels.

True

The malleus is part of the ______ ear.

middle

The __________ is the part of the ear that detects sound.

Spiral organ (of Corti)

The receptor for sound is a(n):

Mechanoreceptor

T or F: A cochlear implant is useful in treating central auditory deafness.

False

The maculae of the vestibule detect:

Linear acceleration

Steroid hormones are:

Hydrophobic

Steroid hormones have _________ receptors.

Intracellular

The G-protein Gi does which of the following:

Inhibits adenylate cyclase (AC)

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion is controlled by __________ regulation.

hormonal

The ___________ is the master regulator of the endocrine system.

hypothalamus

_________ is a corticosteroid.

Aldosterone

_________ is an anterior pituitary hormone (i.e., secreted by the anterior pituitary).

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

_________ cells of the thyroid secrete calcitonin.

Parafollicular

In the absence of dietary iodine…
a. Thyroglobulin expression (production) is abolished.
b. Thyrotropin-release hormone (TRH) secretion is abolished.
c. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion is abolished.
d. None of the above

None of the above

High thyroid hormone (TH, T3, or T4) levels are caused by:

Grave’s disease

__________ levels of leptin stimulate “hunger” perception in the CNS.

Low

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a ___________.

Gonadocorticoid

Aldosterone _________ blood pressure.

raises

Hypersecretion of __________ can lower blood glucose.

insulin

Steroid hormones are secreted by the adrenal ___________.

cortex

____________ stimulates uterine contractions, milk ejection, and can also function as a neurotransmitter with a role in sexual and maternal bonding.

Oxytocin (OT)

___________ stimulates production of eggs and sperm.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) __________ blood pressure.

raises

“Mel” means:

honey

Pancreatic __________ cells secrete glucagon.

Alpha

Hypersecretion of ________ causes dwarfism.

Somatostatin (GHIH)

One half of the autonomic nervous system is the ___________ nervous system.

sympathetic

Parkinson’s disease primarily affects ___________ neurons.

dopaminergic

________ matter is comprised of neuronal somas and dendrites.

Gray

The precentral gyrus (an anatomical term) is also known (functionally) as the ___________.

Primary (1 degree) motor cortex

In which brain region are learned motor programs (e.g., typing on a computer keyboard) stored?

Pre-motor association cortex

Which brain region interprets the meaning of tactile (touch) stimuli (e.g., if your eyes were closed and you were asked to feel and identify some sandpaper):

Somatosensory association cortex

_____________ mediates the production of words in speech and writing.

Brocas area

The ____________ is predominantly affected in Huntington’s disease.

Striatum/Basal ganglia

The ____________ is the brain region involved in forming memories.

hippocampus

_________ means “dance”.

Chorea

The spinothalamic tract carries _________ information to the brain.

pain

Which is NOT part of the brain stem:

thalamus

The __________ secretes melatonin to promote sleep.

epithalamus

The __________ is the master regulator of the endocrine system.

hypothalamus

The __________ is the major relay station between the cortex and all sub-cortical areas.

thalamus

The ___________ is the major relay station to/from the cerebellum.

pons

The ____________ contains specialized Purkinje cells and modulates motor activity based on input from vestibulocochlear and proprioceptive inputs.

cerebellum

__________ means “bridge”.

pons

The ______________ mediates emotions generally.

limbic system

The _____________ mediates sadness, depression, and fear in particular.

amygdala

The ______________ blocks unimportant/banal stimuli to allow for focused attention.

reticular formation

Insomnia means:

inability to sleep

The adult brain stem cells of the SGZ and SVZ are located near the:

ventricles

Drugs that _______________ activity are used to treat epilepsy/seizures.

increase GABA-ergic

_________ means “taste”.

gustatory

TRPM8 is activated by:

cold and menthol

Fast-adapting receptors are also known as:

phasic

The __________ level of sensory integration refers to the cerebral cortex.

perceptual

Larger receptive fields (i.e., fewer sensory neurons) means _____________ resolution.

lower/worse

The segmental level of motor control includes:

spinal cord

Upper motor neurons have their somas/dendrites located in the:

cortex

The dorsal root ganglion (DRG) contains:

sensory neuron somas

Use your Vocab: What does “apnea” literally mean?

Without breathing

Why does increasing GABAergic activity help to block epileptic seizures?

inhibits

The brain region that filters out unnecessary/banal stimuli:

reticular formation

The brain region that functions in emotions (generally):

limbic formation

The brain region that functions in fear/depression:

amygdala

A drug that inhibited GABAergic neurons would ________ seizures.

Induce (cause)

The brain region where neural stem cells reside:

lining the ventricle especially sgz, svz

Inability to sleep is:

insomnia

Cessation of breathing during sleep is:

sleep apnea

Sudden bouts of REM sleep is:

narcolepsy

List the normal stages of sleep in the correct order, up until REM:

1,2,3,4,3,2, rem

Visceral motor neuron somas are located in which part of the spinal cord? (be specific)

More anterior side, viscerally located on the lateral gray horn (efferent) (ventral root)

Somatic sensory neuron somas are located where?

Receptor for touch and looking at soma dorsal root ganglia

Somatic interneuron somas are located where?

Posterior part of dorsal gray horn

What does “diencephalon” mean?

two heads

What does “circadian” mean?

around the day

Name the 4 main brain regions.

Cortex, cerebellum, brain stem, Diencephalon

Name the 3 parts of Diencephalon & List 1 function of each.

Thalamus- cortical synapses (relay station)
Hypothalamus- regulates the endocrine hormones
Epithalamus- secretes melatonin which promotes sleep

Name 3 parts of Brain stem & List 1 function of each.

Midbrain- movement
Pons- receiving and sending info from cerebellum
Medulla- blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting

Name (any) 3 brain structures implicated in Motor Efferent signal production.

Primary motor cortex, premotor association, cerebellum, midbrain, thalamus, striatum

Where are the Dopaminergic neurons located, which are killed in Parkinson’s disease? (be specific)

substantia nigra of midbrain

What make the Pons appear to have horizontal “stripes”?

Axons passing over the front

Which brain region acts as the Relay Station between Cortical and Sub-cortical (e.g., spinal) signals?

thalamus

What is the name of the bundle of axons mediating Pain input?

Spinothalamic tract