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In the sympathetic nervous system, _______________ is secreted by postganglionic neurons onto target tissues.
Norepinephrine
Preganglionic neurons are relatively shorter in the ________ nervous system.
Sympathetic
The ___________ nervous system has thoracolumbar emanations from the CNS.
Sympathetic
The ___________ nervous system, when activated, will shunt blood to skeletal muscles, and away from the intestines.
Sympathetic
Skeletal muscle contraction is mediated by _________ receptors.
Nicotinic ACh (nACh)
Muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs) are:
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
Target tissues express _____________, which are stimulated by parasympathetic activity.
Muscarinic ACh (mAChRs)
To lower blood pressure, a patient may take a:
β adrenergic receptor antagonist
________ means “wandering”.
Vagus
Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are:
Cholinergic
The gray ramus of the sympathetic trunk is comprised of axons of _______ neurons.
Postganglionic
Pupillary dilation is caused by the ___________ nervous system.
Sympathetic
Photoreceptor cells release the neurotransmitter _________ onto bipolar cells.
GABA
G-proteins are “active” when bound to:
GTP
Odorant receptors (ORs) are:
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
“________” taste is detection of protein levels (specifically, the amino acid glutamate).
Umami
T or F: Taste receptor cells (gustatory cells) are not neurons.
True
T or F: Some taste receptors are ligand-gated ion channels.
True
The malleus is part of the ______ ear.
middle
The __________ is the part of the ear that detects sound.
Spiral organ (of Corti)
The receptor for sound is a(n):
Mechanoreceptor
T or F: A cochlear implant is useful in treating central auditory deafness.
False
The maculae of the vestibule detect:
Linear acceleration
Steroid hormones are:
Hydrophobic
Steroid hormones have _________ receptors.
Intracellular
The G-protein Gi does which of the following:
Inhibits adenylate cyclase (AC)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion is controlled by __________ regulation.
hormonal
The ___________ is the master regulator of the endocrine system.
hypothalamus
_________ is a corticosteroid.
Aldosterone
_________ is an anterior pituitary hormone (i.e., secreted by the anterior pituitary).
Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
_________ cells of the thyroid secrete calcitonin.
Parafollicular
In the absence of dietary iodine… a. Thyroglobulin expression (production) is abolished. b. Thyrotropin-release hormone (TRH) secretion is abolished. c. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion is abolished. d. None of the above
None of the above
High thyroid hormone (TH, T3, or T4) levels are caused by:
Grave’s disease
__________ levels of leptin stimulate “hunger” perception in the CNS.
Low
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a ___________.
Gonadocorticoid
Aldosterone _________ blood pressure.
raises
Hypersecretion of __________ can lower blood glucose.
insulin
Steroid hormones are secreted by the adrenal ___________.
cortex
____________ stimulates uterine contractions, milk ejection, and can also function as a neurotransmitter with a role in sexual and maternal bonding.
Oxytocin (OT)
___________ stimulates production of eggs and sperm.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) __________ blood pressure.
raises
“Mel” means:
honey
Pancreatic __________ cells secrete glucagon.
Alpha
Hypersecretion of ________ causes dwarfism.
Somatostatin (GHIH)
One half of the autonomic nervous system is the ___________ nervous system.
sympathetic
Parkinson’s disease primarily affects ___________ neurons.
dopaminergic
________ matter is comprised of neuronal somas and dendrites.
Gray
The precentral gyrus (an anatomical term) is also known (functionally) as the ___________.
Primary (1 degree) motor cortex
In which brain region are learned motor programs (e.g., typing on a computer keyboard) stored?
Pre-motor association cortex
Which brain region interprets the meaning of tactile (touch) stimuli (e.g., if your eyes were closed and you were asked to feel and identify some sandpaper):
Somatosensory association cortex
_____________ mediates the production of words in speech and writing.
Brocas area
The ____________ is predominantly affected in Huntington’s disease.
Striatum/Basal ganglia
The ____________ is the brain region involved in forming memories.
hippocampus
_________ means “dance”.
Chorea
The spinothalamic tract carries _________ information to the brain.
pain
Which is NOT part of the brain stem:
thalamus
The __________ secretes melatonin to promote sleep.
epithalamus
The __________ is the master regulator of the endocrine system.
hypothalamus
The __________ is the major relay station between the cortex and all sub-cortical areas.
thalamus
The ___________ is the major relay station to/from the cerebellum.
pons
The ____________ contains specialized Purkinje cells and modulates motor activity based on input from vestibulocochlear and proprioceptive inputs.
cerebellum
__________ means “bridge”.
pons
The ______________ mediates emotions generally.
limbic system
The _____________ mediates sadness, depression, and fear in particular.
amygdala
The ______________ blocks unimportant/banal stimuli to allow for focused attention.
reticular formation
Insomnia means:
inability to sleep
The adult brain stem cells of the SGZ and SVZ are located near the:
ventricles
Drugs that _______________ activity are used to treat epilepsy/seizures.
increase GABA-ergic
_________ means “taste”.
gustatory
TRPM8 is activated by:
cold and menthol
Fast-adapting receptors are also known as:
phasic
The __________ level of sensory integration refers to the cerebral cortex.
perceptual
Larger receptive fields (i.e., fewer sensory neurons) means _____________ resolution.
lower/worse
The segmental level of motor control includes:
spinal cord
Upper motor neurons have their somas/dendrites located in the:
cortex
The dorsal root ganglion (DRG) contains:
sensory neuron somas
Use your Vocab: What does “apnea” literally mean?
Without breathing
Why does increasing GABAergic activity help to block epileptic seizures?
inhibits
The brain region that filters out unnecessary/banal stimuli:
reticular formation
The brain region that functions in emotions (generally):
limbic formation
The brain region that functions in fear/depression:
amygdala
A drug that inhibited GABAergic neurons would ________ seizures.
Induce (cause)
The brain region where neural stem cells reside:
lining the ventricle especially sgz, svz
Inability to sleep is:
insomnia
Cessation of breathing during sleep is:
sleep apnea
Sudden bouts of REM sleep is:
narcolepsy
List the normal stages of sleep in the correct order, up until REM:
1,2,3,4,3,2, rem
Visceral motor neuron somas are located in which part of the spinal cord? (be specific)
More anterior side, viscerally located on the lateral gray horn (efferent) (ventral root)
Somatic sensory neuron somas are located where?
Receptor for touch and looking at soma dorsal root ganglia
Somatic interneuron somas are located where?
Posterior part of dorsal gray horn
What does “diencephalon” mean?
two heads
What does “circadian” mean?
around the day
Name the 4 main brain regions.
Cortex, cerebellum, brain stem, Diencephalon
Name the 3 parts of Diencephalon & List 1 function of each.
Thalamus- cortical synapses (relay station) Hypothalamus- regulates the endocrine hormones Epithalamus- secretes melatonin which promotes sleep
Name 3 parts of Brain stem & List 1 function of each.
Midbrain- movement Pons- receiving and sending info from cerebellum Medulla- blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting
Name (any) 3 brain structures implicated in Motor Efferent signal production.
Primary motor cortex, premotor association, cerebellum, midbrain, thalamus, striatum
Where are the Dopaminergic neurons located, which are killed in Parkinson’s disease? (be specific)
substantia nigra of midbrain
What make the Pons appear to have horizontal “stripes”?
Axons passing over the front
Which brain region acts as the Relay Station between Cortical and Sub-cortical (e.g., spinal) signals?
thalamus
What is the name of the bundle of axons mediating Pain input?
Spinothalamic tract
Note
Flashcard