Apes Unit: 1

Population

group of individuals of same species

Community

all living organisms in an area

Ecosystem

all living & nonliving things in an area (plants, animals, rocks, soil, water, air)

Biome

 the plants and animals found in a given region (determined by climate) Ex: (tropical rainforest)

Competition

organisms fighting over a resource like food or shelter; limits pop. size

Predation

one organism using another for energy source (hunters, parasites) due to the 10% rule they have to have a low population

Mutualism

relationship that benefits both organisms (coral reef)

Commensalism

relationship that benefits one organism & doesn’t impact the other (birds nest in trees)

Herbivores

(plant eaters) eat plants for energy (giraffe & tree)

Parasitoids

lay eggs inside a host organism; eggs hatch & larvae eat host for energy Ex: parasitic wasps, bot fly

Symbiosis

Any close and long-term interaction between two organisms of different species

Resource partitioning

 different species using the same resource in diff. ways to reduce competition

Temporal partitioning

 using resource @ different times, such as wolves & coyotes hunting @ different times (night vs. day)

Spatial partitioning

using different areas of a shared habitat (different length roots)

Predator/Prey Relationship

Helps control population growth and has a negative feedback loop that oscillates

omnivores

Eat plants and animals

Intraspecific competition

Competition amoung members of the same species can be reduced if: young disperse, exhibiting strong territoriality, and resource partitioning between generations, results in overall increased fitness

interspecific competition

competition between members of different species

Biogeochemical Cycle

The complete path a chemical takes through the four major components – or reservoirs – of Earth’s systems Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere, Biosphere

Major Chemical cycles

Water, Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfer

Atmosphere

the envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet.

Hydrosphere

total amount of water on a planet

lithosphere

A lithosphere is the rigid, outermost rocky shell of a terrestrial planet or natural satellite

Biosphere

the regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the earth (or analogous parts of other planets) occupied by living organisms.

Limiting Factors

When chemical elements are not available at the right times, in the right amounts, and in the right concentrations relative to each other, life cannot “happen” as it should

Macronutrients

Elements required in large amounts by all life Include the “big six” elements that form the fundamental building blocks of life: (CHONPS)

Micronutrients

Elements required either in small amounts by all life or  moderate amounts by some forms of life and not at all by others

Average residence time

a substance in a reservoir is a factor of the size of the reservoir and the flow into or out of the reservoir

Inputs and outputs

going between reservoirs can determine the size of the reservoir and the change in the reservoir over time

Reservoirs

components of the biogeochemical cycle that contain the matter, including air, water and organisms

sink

when atoms and molecules get stored in the reservoir

source

each reservoir can serve as a of the element when atoms and elements leave a reservoir

7 Processes drive the carbon Cycle

Photosynthesis, cellular respiration,  exchange, sedimentation, burial, extraction and combustion

Carbon Reservoirs

Ocean - large reservoir of carbon, air/ocean gas exchange Sediments of plants/animals/ Geosphere -soils, fossil fuels/ Biosphere - living organisms/ Atmosphere - fast carbon cycling, short turnaround

 Fast steps of the Carbon cycle

involves living organisms - cellular respiration, photosynthesis/ Exchange of CO2 between air/water/ combustion of fossil fuels (CO2) - oil, coal, natural gas

Slower step of the carbon cycle

Carbon in rocks- in form of limestone, calcium carbonate/ In soil such as petroleum hydrocarbons/ Sedimentation and burial

Carbon Cycle

Movement of molecules that contain Carbon (CO₂, glucose, CH_4,) between sources and sinks

Carbon sink

 reservoir that take in more carbon than it releases

Carbon source

reservoir that releases more carbon than it takes in

Photosynthesis in Carbon cycle

sink

Cellular respiation

source

photosynthesis

Solar energy+ 6h2O+6CO2———C6H12O6+6O2

Cellular respiration

Energy+6H2O+6CO2—————-C6H12O6+6O2

Direct exchange in Carbon cycle

CO₂ moves directly between atmosphere & the ocean by dissolving into & out of ocean water at the surface

Negative effects of ocean carbon cycle

Because of direct exchange, increasing atmospheric CO₂ also increases ocean CO₂, leading to ocean acidification

Sedimentation

calcium carbonate precipitates out as sediment & settles on ocean floor

Burial

over, long, periods of time, pressure of water compresses C-containing sediments on ocean floor into sedimentary rock (limestone, sandstone) - long-term C reservoir

Fossil Fuels (FF)

 formed from fossilized remains of organic matter into coal (ex.

Extraction & Combustion

digging up or mining FFs & burning them as energy source; releases CO₂ into atmosphere

upwelling current

circulates nutrients from the ocean floor back to the surface

cold water

holds more oxygen

bethic

bottom of ocean system

Pelagic

water column above the bottom in the ocean system

littoral zone

near shore

deep ocean

biological desert and slow growth

chemosythesis

Deep ocean animals and plants form of energy

Coral reefs

Aggerations of coral polyps that live symbiotically with algae

coral bleaching

global warming causes coral to expel their algal partners, wich can lead to mortality

Mangroves

important trees that grow in saltwater along tropical coastline

Estuaries

bays or semi-enclosed bodies of brackish water that form where rivers enter the ocean

salt marshes

costal wetlands flooded regularly or occasionally by sea water

Tide pools

Depressions in a rocky shoreline that are flooded at high tide but retain some water at low tide

intertidal zone

where ocean meets the land between high and low tide

barrier islands

Narrow islands made of sand that form parallel to a coastline

Epilimnion

warm-upper layer of lake system

Hypolimnion

Cold, deeper layer that does not mix

Thermocline

distinctive temp transition zone that separates warm upper layer and deeper cold layer

Wetlands

land surface is saturated or covered with water at least part of the year

swamps

wetlands with trees

Marshes

Wetlands without trees

Marshes

Wetlands without trees

Fens

Waterlogged soils that lend to accumulate peat ground water

Bog

Waterlogged soils that lend to accumulate peat

greatest aquatic concern for the biologist

Wetlands because of high productivity

determining biomes

temp and percipiation

ideal plant growth

hot and wet

no growth

zero degrees

tropical rain forest

humid regions in the tropical that support one of the most complex and biologically rich biomes

cloud forest

high mountains where fog and mist keep vegetation continually wet

tropical rain forest soil

acidic and nutrient-poor because 90% of nutrient are tied up in living organisms/ rapid decomposition

seasonal temp tropical rain forest

minimale seaonl temp flux

temperate Rainforest

a cool, rainy forest often enshrouded in fog

temperate regions

the mild temperature area located between the subtropical and the polar region

taiga/boreal forests

Cold winters, short growing season, primarily coniferous trees

savannas

warm temp with distinct wet and dry seasons, prone to fire, soil fertile, mandy migratoery grazors

adapation for savanna

water conservation in long roots or in stem

desert

Characterized by low moisture levels

temperate grassland

cold hard winter and hot/dry summers, prone to fires, few trees, large daily/seasonal temp flux, farm land

over graxing problems z

erosion and dead plants

temperate shrubland (Mediterranean)

warm, dry summers and cool moist winters think cali

Tundra

Treeless landscape that occurs at higher latitudes or on mountaintops

perma frost

an impermeable, perminatiely frozen layer in the soil

Nitrogen required for

proteins, nucleic acid/ DNA and RNA

usable nitrogen

NH4(ammonium) and NO3(Nitrate)

Nitrogen cycle speed

fast

main N resvior

atmosphere

biotic fixation

bacteria doing nitrogen fixation

abiotic fixation

lighting going nitrogen fixtion

Nitrogen fixation

Process of N2 being converted to biologically avaibale NH3(ammmonia) or N3(nitrate)

Assimilation

plants & animals taking N in and incorporating it into their biomass