psych U1

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thumb(pointing back): approach by looking into the past and understanding what is “haunting you.” So, the past will motivate desires or conflicts you may not know. You look back in the past and release memories/feelings to let go of feelings.

psychoanalytic

pointer(smart): using memory, knowledge, etc., to find out how people make decisions.

cognitive

Middle: How interactions with our environment shape our behaviors. more about past experiences and not what is imposed on you, like culture

Behavioral

Ring(marriage, and how it makes you the best version of yourself): how personal growth and how one wants to be recognized/wants their full potential to be.

Humanistic

Behavior based on survival of the fittest (what actions you might do to stay fit or in life threatening situtations)

Evolutionary

Using science (genes, hormones, etc.) to diagnose someone with a possible disorder. This helps us look into why they make certain decisions.

Neuro

How your race, history, economic status, etc., helps you pick an option.

This is like you cant date someone or you cant eat this. This has been established, and not some sort of experience. It is a rule

SocioCultural

Study of behaviors, why someone does what they do.

Psychology

 The mind can be viewed as an information processing system.

cognitive

 Behavior is driven by forces we do not understand and are not aware of.

Psychoanalytic

All human thought and behavior can be reduced to activity at the neural level

Neuro

Humans are innately good and strive to reach their fullest potential.

Humanistic

This approach is most concerned with the ramifications of the fact that most psychological research is conducted on subjects from America.

sociocultural

Psychology should be the scientific study of behavior which is observable and measurable.

behavioral

Human behavior is a result of selective adaptation

evolutionary

Individuals need empathy, unconditional positive regard, and acceptance in order to be successful

Humanistic

Behavior is influenced by the effects of reinforcements and punishments.

behavioral

Expectations and analysis of past experiences influence future human behavior.

psychoanalytic

Personality development is determined by experiences in very early childhood.

psychoanalytic

Human societies vary in the importance they give to care and respect of the elderly

sociocultural

An important factor in the selection of romantic partners is their likelihood that they will bear healthy offspring.

evolutionary

Variance in levels of pain tolerance is most directly influenced by endorphins and neurochemicals. 

Neuro

In-depth investigation of a person or a small group that helps to get details, esp for rare cases. It is hard to generalize

case study

You observe behavior in someone’s environment without interfering.

Naturalistic Observation

It measures the connections (not cause and effect relationship) between 2 variables.

Correlation

both the variables go up

Positive correlation

one variable goes up, and the other goes down.

negative correlation

The researcher manipulates the variables to find causes and effects. this is not correlation bc you are controling variables to

Experimental research

Done over a period of time with the same group

longitudinal study

takes data from lots of studies and combines relative information

meta- analysis

A researcher will not be able to generalize her findings with this method to the population.

case study

variables that can affect 2 things that are correlated. They are the reason why we cant link correlation to cause and effect

confounding variables

When you take a sample based on the people that are closest to you

convenience sampling

The results of the independent variables

Dependent variables

evidence gained through observations

empirical evidence

The group that receives the treatment

Experimental group

When we exaggerate our abilities to see into the future —> like if we know we did bad on a test, we have a sliver of hope, but then when the test comes out and we fail, we resort to saying that we always knew that we would fail

Hindsight Bias

The variable that is changed

Independent Variables

when one variable goes up and another goes down

Negative correlation

the practice of quantifying variables (being able to measure things) so that you can replicate an experiment

Operational definitions

When both variables go up

Positive correlation

When you pick a random group of people to conduct your experiment

Random sampling

When you assign the people in your experiment with the experimental and control group

Random assignment

the group that receives the placebo

control group

when a researches bias/expectations influence a study/its outcome

experimenter bias

When someone picks an option to appeal to the people

social desirability bias

when a participant changes their behavior because they want to appeal to the experimenter

demand characteristics

when you only follow ideas that support your own in order to validate yourself

confirmation bias

when you look at people of different ages to see how they react, this is an alternative to longitudial, but doesnt really have to same results.

cross sectional study

when neither the experimenter nor the experimented know what the study is

double blind study

when people change the way they act because they are being watched

hawthorne effect

when one side (experimenter or experimented) doesnt know the study

single-blind study

A response to a fake substance caused by the subject’s belief they’re being exposed to the real thing

placebo affect

when someone is a paid actor in an experiment

confederate

when you review what the study was about and why it was conducted to the people who were experimented on

Debriefing

Having the participants approval ~ if it is done on minors, it applies to the parents

Consent

Approval from minors

Assent

The tendency to maintain your original belief despite being exposed to information that contradicts the original belief

belief Perseverance

When you apply your own belief on everyone

False Consensus

Appearance of a relationship that does not exist (kind of like inductive reasoning)

*superstitions arise from this

Illusory Correlation

shared rule or expectation on how people should think/feel in a group

cultural norm

errors in thinking due to personal experiences

cognitive bias

explaining mental processes using biology (neuro), psychological(emotions, thoughts), and social

biopsychosocial

way to describe the center of data (mean, median, mode)

central tendency

shows the strength and direction of a relationship (in direction it refers to if both go up or one goes up and the other goes down)

correlation coefficient

misleading others. this can be used in an experiment if the benefits outweigh the risks

Deception

two variables are correlated but you don’t know which one influences the other

directionality problem

measures the strength or magnitude of a relationship or difference beyond statistical significance

effect sizes

When you apply results from a study to a larger population

generalizing

rating scale used to measure attitudes or opinions or behaviors (with choices such as strongly agree, agree, etc.)

likert scales

left skewed distribution

negative skew

bell shaped curve

normal curve

when experts evaluate research before it is published

peer review

percentage of scores in a distribution that fall at or under a particular score

Percentile rank

when the graph is skewed right

positive skew

When you define data in a categorical value

Qualitative

When you define terms in a numerical value

Qualitative

terms spreading the scores out

range

Tendency for extreme scores to move closer to the average when measured again

regression towards the mean

repeating a study to see if the results are consistent

replication

shows whether study results are likely due to chance or real effect

statistical significance

how spread out the scores are in a data set

variation

describes the statement that can be shown as false through experimentation

falsifiable