Properties of Solids

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Chemistry

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28 Terms

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Crystalline and Amorphous
two classifications of solids based on the arrangement of their particles
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Crystalline solids
made up of highly ordered particles (ions, atoms, molecules) with a well-defined pattern
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Crystalline solids
made up of repeated small units of well-ordered particles that represent characteristics of the crystals called the unit cell
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Unit Cell
conforms a certain crystal lattice which is categorized by the distance between particles and angles formed upon stacking of the particles
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Melting Point
the temperature at which a solid starts to become liquid, has a direct relationship with the strength of intermolecular forces
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Electrical Conductivity
the ability of a material to allow flow of electric current
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Electrical current
flows on a material with change particles
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Thermal Conductivity
the ability of material o allow transfer of heat
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Ionic, Molecular, Metallic, Network Solids
4 Classifications of Crystalline Solids
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Ionic Solids
made up of oppositely-charged particles called ions linked by electrostatic interaction called ionic bonds
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Hardness and Brittleness of Ionic Solids
Due to the strong ionic bonds acting between ions; the application of external forces can disrupt such attractive forces
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Melting Point of Ionic Solids
Usually high since the energy needed to overcome the strength of ionic bonds is high
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Electric and Thermal Conductivity of Ionic Solids
It does not conduct electricity in the solid state since every ion in the crystal is fixed in position as a result of the interaction with neighboring ions of opposite charge
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Electrical Conductivity of Ionic Solids
Once a solid is divided in a substance, ions are mobile and can freely move, thus allowing flow of electricity
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Molecular Solids
consists of molecules interacting with other via IMF (london dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonds)
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Hardness of Molecular Solids
Generally soft solids due to weak IMF that may be disrupted in the presence of external forces like pounding or grinding
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Melting Point of Molecular Solids
Melting point is relatively lower since IMF are weaker than ionic bonds
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Electrical and Thermal Conductivity of Molecular Solids
Does not conduct electricity either in solid, molten, and aqueous states since these compounds are electrically neutra
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Metallic Solids
made up of atoms that are linked by a different type of chemical (metallic) bonds
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Metallic Solids
atoms are arranged in a well-ordered manner is immersed in a “sea” of delocalized electrons (electrons spread over two or more atoms)
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Hardness of Metallic Solids
Are generally hard due to strong, cohesive forces acting among atoms; the strength of bonds renders metals’ ductility and malleability
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Melting Point of Metallic Solids
Its melting point varies and melting causes the atoms to move
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Network Crystals
made up of atoms linked by covalent bonds to form an extensive three-dimensional network
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Hardness of Network Crystals
These solids are harder than the other types of crystals, owing to strong covalent bonds linking the atoms
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Melting Point of Network Crystals
Have very high melting points as enourrmous amounts of energy can break covalent bond linking the atoms
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Amorphous Solids
consists of particles that lack a definite order
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Melting Point of Amorphous Solids
Melts within a temperature range due to different strength of forces occurring between particles at different sites of the material
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Amorphous Solids
Because of the low order, they shatter into irregularly-shaped patterns