history test 2

townshend act

its a revenue purpose act to raise revenue for debts from seven year wars, basicly tax a tax on manufactured goods imported, had no purpose to benefit the colonies .

why the townshend act mattered

because it ignited the colonist resitance and helped produce slogan “ no taxation without representation” and this has a deper meaning not just complaining about tax but also a deeper argument about what is a legitimate government.

actual representation vs virtual representation

actual represenation - representaion of a group of people in the legislative body that was chosen by the group of people and was from the same area of the gorup of peole. and they represent you area and what would be best for the people their

actual represenation vs virtual representaion

virtual representation- what the people in parliment did, they took an oath to represent everyone, even if those people did not directly elect them ( they have no reason to look out for those peoples intreast and not the intreast of there own people)

colonist problem with virtual representation

the colonist are used to actual representation throught the house of burgesses ( where they had actual representation) and they thought that this type of representation they had with parliment wasnt right and that these taxations where right because they had no one representing them so for taxation to be legitimate you need to be actully represented)

colonist thoughts on taxation

taxation without representation= illigitmete taking of property

colonist view on empire

parliment is on equal grounds with the colonies and that eveyrone responds to the king

( parliment is jsut legislatiure for england not whole empire, and parliemnt was oversteping when taxing the colonies)

based off this view, parliment got blamed and king did not that why in 1774 the coloniest were still writing letters to the king for help

british empire real view

colonies → parliment→ king

parliment has power and authority over colonies

boston masacare

inocent people died

east india tea act 1773

what do we do now after lexington and concord

called together second continental congress (may 1775)

second continental congress (1775)

1 turned local militai into continental arm (local milita forces around boston were adopted into a single army)

2 called together militais from philidelphia and maryland to prove that all colonies were together as one

3 apointed a commander and cheif george washington

whole point kinda was to show unity ( contineltal army, raised additional regiments from phili and maryland, and appointed commander and cheif)

thomas pain and commen sense 1776

he changed the focus of the people from parliment is bad to monarchy is bad and fundamently doest align with liberty

we need independce or we need to get rid of monarchy as a system.

common sense was ( eveyrone heard it, it was read by people who could read and read out loud to people who could undertand this lit a fire within colonist to now change from fixing parliment → we need indpendce from britian and system of monarchy)

george mason

pursuit of happienes

property something you can amASS

Jefferson and declatraion of indepdendence

jefferson admits later on in life that he didnt come up with ideas for declartaion but they were floating around,

the importance of this is that it is not an idea from one man, but a political world view shared

yes jefferson wrote the declaration of independce but the ideas were not his alone they were the ideas of the whole

declaration of indepdence how its laid out, what is core , whos audience

1st part theoretical and philisophical (right, government, equality, and purpose of government ) 2nd part practical ( griveces, accusation agaisnt king, proof of tyrany)

core

a) equlity and natural rights

“all men are created equal, life liberty pursit of happiens

b) source of governemtn power

source of government power is in the right of the governenet

c) purpose of governemt( kind goes back to locke)

it is to protect and secure peoples rights

d) right to revolution

if government is not doing this we the poeple have right to alter it or create a new one

audience- the audience is the world not the king and it is to be saying somehting that had happened because it is not like an announcment of seperation but more of a reason for our already have happened seperation.

king as vilian

in 1974 the colonist during the first contitnetal congress still belived that the king was good ( 1, sent an letter to king for help 2. told them to stock up on gunpowder)

1776 declaration of indpence focues blam on King george III ( with help of ideas from thomas pain)

goergre manson ideas influed jefferesons when writing declaration of indpendence

virginia delcaration of rights ( before delcaration of idnepdence

natural rights

equality laungage

rights to change government

declaration vs constitution

declaration is philisophy of reason of seperation ( locke, manson, paine constitution is how to build a government and how to run in( montisquoe)

after delcaration of indepence benjamin franklin goes to france to try to get aliance wit france becasue

we need naval strenght to defet britain , we are not stong enought

france doesnt want to join in instnatly and wants to see if we have a chance of even wining

battle of saratoga (1777) ( turning point military wise)

major british army surrended to american army

sign for france that we can win

BT- saratoga had international consequences not just military ones)

french alliance 1778

after saratoga

france is willing to join in on fight against britian

french navy is now helping us ( we dont have navy)

also during this time ( dutch 1780 and spanish 1779delcare war agianst britain )

techincaly dutch is first intenrational country to recognize US before france

john adams gets loan from dutch

battle of capes ( 1781)

naval battle between french and britain

britin was going to yorktown to support their army their. they were blocked by french navy , B had to retreat, their army at yorktown is now complelty islated and cant get resuced or backup from sea, battle of capes ties into battle of yorktown

battle of yorktown 1781

french and US ground army lay seige to britan army in yorktown, B cant get helo and looses they surrender, final battle of american revolution

this battle convicnes britain that this ongoing war is not worth it and our colonies in south america are more profitable and this is not worht the money or time.

treaty of paris 1783

B negotiates peace

resultes Britain formaly recognizes United states as indpented

why did britain loose war

they tried to fight is as convential euorpean war,

they took capital new york, we didnt surrender, they founght in lines( got shot up by US)

problems of article of confederation

weak central governemnt what held us together was the war against britain and not governemtn

( results after war, states strated fighting eachother, unity collapsedm system begins to fly to peices)

constitution 1787-1788

based its ideas on motesque ( speration of power)

purpose ( builds a stronger government than articles of confederation but still aviods tyranny)

no bill of rights ( madision thougght that if we listed bill of righs then we would forget some and governmet would abuses those rights not listed) ( anti federalist oppsed no right)

montesques theory

boook- spirit of law

3 types of governemtn

rule by one

rule by some

rule by many

( all goverment corrups over time —> tends towards tyrnay

solution- seperation of power, judical, executive and leglislative

washington becomes president 1789-1797

serves 2 terms, fear of dying in office, he set precedent for all presidents after

as president he has to deal with unsettled world becuase of the idea of revolution that has been set of by United Sates

French revolution (1789)

cause huge debt from helpong out america in war, unequal representation, enlightment ideas

storming of bastile, general assembly (

delaration of rights and man of the citizen 1789

states cival rights and human rights (F)

causes US to see that we need a bil of rights

Thomas paine goes to france to support revolution in

writes rights of man ( american revolution should inspire the worl ( new world regenerates the old )

America examples

europe outadeted system

this echoes puriatians and city upon a hill

Ireland revolution … declaration of united irishmen 1791

inspired by american revolution , starts revolution

ireland revoltuoin part of wave of revolution

declaration of united irishmen - united all irshmen to overthrow britishi ( doesnt matter your religious belif,

french alliance problem

Freance becomes revolution → war with euope

quesiton is should we help them… franklin says yes, other say no, leads to political partys, this upsets goergey washington he wasnts unity, this is addresed in his farwell adresss

george washgnton fare well adress

first american forgien policy

be kind to all nation

dont tie your self up with any nation

be open to trade with all

we are specials we are distant from europe and dont have to get dragged into their wars

early american expansion

us founded not only on seperation but growth, ( our future is bright)

1786 quote by jefferson

we like spain as our neighbor,they are weak and when our numbers are high enoguh we can take it from spain, Lousiana land , but also someone might take it from spain,

the map after indepdence

after washington death US strentghed from atlantic to missipi

spain controlling lousisiana, mexico, central america.

britian controling canda

misipi is important because all of our trade from north to south goes through misispi , for our westrn devolpment to get crops to market we need missisip for western development

look at map on day 4 page6

thomas jefferson presidencey 1802

problem with french as nebhor france is storng, france is a threat and can close of missisipi

new orleans importance - missispi runs throught new orleans and jefferson thought that this place was pivitol becasue so much american produce had to pass through it

october 1 1800

spanish and french have secrete treaty where spanish gives lousiana to french

lousinia purchase 1803

naploean comes buy this from me or i sell to spain

reason for jefferson buying it

fear of french control of missisipi

and secures western developemnt

naploean wanted to sell it for money, he was focused on europe he didnt care about america

constitutional problem of luqiana pruchase

it was not in constituon or pwoer to buy this so they had to make it a treaty to get it because jef thought it was such a pivital part of land that we need d

early US political conflict centered on constituinoal authoirty and interpretation

lewis and clark expedition

mission to explore and commerence and to see if there was route by water and that would open up majore trade routes thorught all of newly aquired land

what they proved is that american could go all the way to the pacific, not by water by land but still now we have a way to pacific which means china, also asseration of power of the people in this land and saying that you have new owner

jeffersin imagiend United states as

EMpire for liberty

he belived that empire could be redifined around liberty instead of raw power

letter thomas jeffeson to james madison

expansion of all of america land,

john quincy adams

secretary of state to monroe

adams to hugh nelson 1823

conqur cuba

natural right

natural law

newtorn

war of 1812

ends 1815

war between american and britians

caused mainly y european conflicts, ( ends when napoloean is kicked out)

war over trade routees

this war ends in 1815 when napolean gets kicked out and this war is kinda fueld based off confilct that is happening in worl during this time

check out chapt gpt for this

John quincy addams importance after monroe as been elected

he is secretary of state, his main goal is to secure and define boarders

joint occupation of orgen country with britain

adams onis treaty 1819 establish bordered of land from lousiana purchase with spain + during this time we get flordia from spain

treaty of 1818 esablishes what

qunicy adams estabilishs northern boarder with canada

( shows his goal of definine United states and defining boarders , so that no conflict can come from unknown boarders treaty of 18184 49th parallel

joint occupation

oregon country we share land with britian, this shows improving relationship

Adams - onis treaty 1819

establishs boarder between spain and United states

after adams onis treaty we have monroe doctrine, what is backroounds

during napolean time spain gets taken over by france

spanish colonies rebel

britain is trading with new free colonies

britain embasador comes over and says join us in fight and delcare that you will suport these free ( simon bolivar president of columbia, during this time )

we are a hemisphere of liberty

spain wants its colonies back in 1822

spain ask france for help

briatina hears of it and birngs this info to us saying joint declaration

Adams says to cabinat why would britian want us to join

they wnat to use our good name, and we shouldnt take orders or position ourself in a postion like we are listening to anothe on forgin affairs, we should do this on our own ( call back to george farwell adress)

we need to postion our self as leader of this hemisphere

monroe doctrine (1823)

Europe stay out of western hemisphere we are not open to colonization

( cant acttualy enforce this but is relying on british navy indriectly )

transition from being protector to expansion

John L. O’Sullivan

Manifest destiny 1845

its americas obvious destiny to expand across the continet

his argument ( we are unique we are not tied to the past , focused on future ( great nation of futuritry John L osullivan )

expansion is moraly right

God gave us this land and it is our right to expand

( indicates idea that have capactiy to influence forieng affairs even though mainfiest destinty is domesetic

James K polk contenentalist

embodyment of manifest destinty

wants connects United states from alantic to pacific. for trade purposes and commerece

Three main ports - trade with pacfic

seattle

sanfrancisco

san diego

oregon dispute ( britain)

Us and Britain both want oregon country

slogan 54 40 or fight

compromise at 49th parrallel

we now have seatle port that was in oregon country

mexican american war

Texas delcares independece from mexico

US annexes texas

Polk sends troups to texas to fight against mexican troups, he wants conflict

we win

treaty of guadalupe ( meixcan cession 1848

United states get california, uta , new mexico

compromise of 1850

California is addmited as free state

Utah and New mexico orginized and are states of popular sovergnty

trade slave outlawed in DC

fugitive slave act (

GOld rush 1849

Rapid population growth

expansion to new wesetern territorites

mostly single men tryign to get rich quick

Franklien pierece

his message expansion is necesary , we will not back down, it is neccesary for peice of world.

(US becomes golbal player ) Perry expedition

US navy arives in japan harbor to make deal of trade,1853 japan has been clkosed for centuries, ships in their harbor kinda insinutate forcefullness

treaty kanagawa

traty of kanagawa

japan opens ports to United states and we beome trade partners with them

( kinda what polk envisoned with the three ports and trade with asia)

GAsden purchase 1854

puchase of land a llitle south of new mexico

purpose, make possivlity of souther transcontintal railroad a good option, this land is flatt pefect for tacks

transcontinetal railroad conflics

northern sttates wnat railroad from Chicago → california

southern states want railroad from new orleans → california ( new market for cotton)

orginized vs unorginized territory plays into favorability of choice on where to put transcontinetal railroad before kansas nebraska act

unorganized territory - US claims but no government is in place no law enforced

orginised teritory as government and laws and infastructure,

northern route at that time has territory it has to run through that is unorginized and this makes it less favorable

southern teritories have all orginized terirtroes it would run through

Kansas nebraska act ( stephn douglas)

1853 backround stephen douglass is northerner, he wants to make northern route more favorable, so the goal is to bring in the unorginized territores of lousiana purchase and nebraska ( north) kansas ( south) this gets rid of southern advantae, Souther states dont like this, they say we wont let it pass, repeal the Missouri Compromise ( reason is south knows that they wont ever win in house, but have chance at winnin in sennate if slave states can expand,

1854 finalised Kansas and nebrask come in as states have popular soverginty , repeals misour compromise

stephn douglass belives that they will become free states even if popular soverignty

missour compromise 1820 backround to kansas nebraska act

missour is a slave state but all states above this line are not allowed to be slave states

afternmath of kansasa nebraska act

bleeding of kansas, anti and pro slavery settlers rush in and voilcne breaks out,

Dredd scot descion 1857

ct Dred scott is not american cant sue in cort

popular soverignty is not constitutional how can we limit someone on what propertyu they bring and whats allowed this is not fair

lincon vs stephn douglass senate seat in illonois debates 1858

Lincon- stop expansion of slavery

douglass - balance north and south

Free port doctirne douglass work around for unconstitional of popular soverngity

we dont have to make slavery illegal but we dont have to pass laws that will suport it

because slavery needs laws to function without it, it is not favorable

north likes this

south doesnt

presidential election 1860

Lincon wins, I wont get rid of slavery in places it exists but I wont let it expand

candites lincon republican, douglass ( N demo) breckendridge ( S demo)

southern reaction to lincon win

Souther carolina secession 1860

deep south follows

licon scaed that maryland( surroubnds washington DC,) missouri, kentucky ( contains important georgpry (like will follow

the reason they secessieded, if slavery cant expand then eventually it will die

james buchannan president before lincon vs lincon

said southern states can leave but i wont stop them

lincon said southern states cant leave and I will use force to stop youy

sam adams and natural rights

leader of sons of liberty,

1772 pamphleet rights of the colonist , rights he emphasized life liberty and property right to defend those rights

east india tea act of 1773

not purposefully to hurt colonist

(but during seven year war colony of east india company, was having to controll the mangment and)

transfers mangment to britain and gives east india company complete control monoply over tea process

this hurts colonist becasue there merchants loose out on profits of shipping tea

bost tea party - protest

POV of americans to east india tea act

her parliment goes again punishing us, over reaching, before in prolmation line ( 1763) to now a decade later they are still doing the same thing and we need to not roll over and take it,

most port towns just dont unload tea,

bost - does differenet they destory the tea,

parilments reaction to sons of liberyt - coercive acts ( intolerable acts)

here they go again protesting and revolting, now we are gonna make a example out of boston

coercive acts

1 shut down boston port

2 broke up its legilature

3 sent more troops

4 put in british general as charge of it

goal was to scare other colonies into submision

first continental congress (1774)

1. sent letter to king asking for help parliment is overreaching help us

2. sent letters to colonies to gather gunpoweder and prepare to protect our selfs

importance before this colonies had strogner ties to motherland than they had to eachother so htis is a big turning point

THomas gage ( goal not open war, decresses animosity and anger calm the situation down, hear of gunpowder in place ascesible by boat so sent trops on boat and got gun powerder, this went well then gunpowder was in concord, this tiime not able to get their by boat, his idea is we will send lots of troops and we will scare people into submisio

during the middle of the night paul Revere sees this and says red coats are coming, lexignton miltia fight back when B troops gets their, L militia gets cooked, B continues to concord but when they get there, millitia is surrounding area , and B found no gunpowder , they reateraded, got shot from back, this started confilict, once back in boston the next day they are surrounded by militia