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Mid-1980s
DNA fingerprinting dramatically changed forensic science and the ability of law enforcement to link perpetrators with crimes
Early 1990s
The US military began collecting and storing blood samples of soldiers
1994
DNA identification act
1998
National DNA index system NDIS
CODIS
The combined DNA index system collects analyzes, and communicates criminal DNA information
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What is DNA
the genetic material of all living things
Chromosomes
the 46 chromosomes found in the human body cells are composed of tightly coiled DNA
male chromosomes
have one X and on Y chromosomes (XY)
Female Chromosomes
have two X chromosomes (XX)
DNA Inherit
Half of our DNA is inherited from our mother, and the other half is inherited from our father
how many pairs of Karotypes
There are 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes in males and Autosome pairs of homologous chromosomes in females.
What are genes
A gene is a segment of DNA in a chromosome that serves in the prodution or regulation of proteins
What do genes average
3000 base pairs
Dna evidence is what?
Critical
what should you void when collecting, preserving and identifying
Contamination
PCR traces samples of what so that it can be amplified so that adequate amounts are available for testing
DNA Evidence
The most useful tool for law enforcement since the development of fingerprinting
DNA profiling
Scientist use this to distinguish one person from another
polymorphisms
Because 99% of all human DNA is the same scientst only need to examine what percent
1% region of variability
When does a heterozygous genotype occur
When a person has two different alleles for a particular STR
What Does STR stand for
Short Tandem Repeats
STR’s can easily be recovered from what
Degraded and limited quantites of DNA typically found for evidence
How is DNA STR analysis performed
Using automated machines and computers
Y STR’s
Trace ancestry through the male line
mtDNA
Only mother pass on mitochondrial DN
mtDNA & Y STR’s
Can only yield class evidence
DNA sequences are?
Unique to each individual
DNA analysis
Helps solves crimes and exonerate the falsely accused
Adding fluorescent dyes to the PCR reaction makes it possible to identify what?
Different STR markers
Note
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