Intro to Criminal justice exam 1

three entities of the criminal justice system

law enforcement, courts and corrections

how is the size of the criminal justice system described

enormous and costly

probation

A court-ordered period of supervision instead of incarceration, alternative to jail time

parole

Conditional early release from prison

three key actors in a criminal case when it goes to trial

prosecutor, defense and judge

what’s it called when a prosecutor drops charges in a case

nolle prosequi

crime control theory

when punishment is weak or avoided offender are not in fear so they’ll commit crime again, so its the job of the system to prevent crime by being harsher

how is the criminal justice system described

comprises institutions, policies, and practices with the goal of social control and deterring crime through sanctions and rehabilitation, road map

USA patriot act

strengthen security measures designed to protect the US from attack , reduced intelligence restrictions

USA freedom act

in 2015 after the patriot act expired it restored the act but the Freedom Act limited the ability of the NSA to track phone data on citizens

examples of street crime

homicide, rape, sexual assault, robbery, and physical assault

why isn’t white collar crimes reported as much as other crimes

because many of these agencies do their own investigations without police there is a lack of reliable data sources

who are women victimized by the most

most often its someone they know or a stranger

how cybercrime is connected to the Uniform Crime Report and Supplementary Research System

some crimes have been committed via cyber crime like corporate fraud, embezzlement gambling and prostitution and NCVs has questions to some cybercrimes

Uniform crime report, how is the data collected and who is responsible for data being collected

FBI, police reports, reported crimes. official law enforcement data, underreporting, incomplete data, measuring law enforcement performance

National Crime Victimization Survey, how is data collected. and who is responsible for the data

household surveys throughout the year held in person and over the phone, Bureau of justice, reported & unreported victimization, captures unreported crime, no homicide data and self reporting vias, studies victimization patters

how are patterns and concentrations of crime are found

using the data found in these databases like the NCVS but especially using theories such as classical (crime occurs when the benefits outweigh the cost0 and rational choice (is a choice that is influenced by its costs and benefits)

legal code of criminal and civil law

criminal law is procedural or substantive while civil law deals with laws imposed by state and not morally

general deterrence

perceived negative consequences of being caught and thus, the threat of punishment will inhibit criminal behavior in all
members of society

specific deterrence

directed toward the individual offender to stop bad behavior. It may be accomplished through restitution or incapacitation

four principles of the rule of law

members of government are held accountable under law, laws must be clear publicized stable and fair they must protect fundamental rights, laws are enacted administered and enforced into a fair and efficient manner, access to justice denied to no one

basic principles of the bill of right

first 10 amendments guides procedural law pertaining to issues such as arrests, warrants \, search and seizures and trial

basic principles of US constitution

constitutional law, supreme law of the land

case law

based on previous court decisions/precedent

different doctrines of reform introduced by the Classical School.

rationalism, intellectualism, and humanitarianism, believed free will logic and rationality were central in commiting crime, promoted deterrence

sentencing goals associated with the rule of law

legal concept that sets boundaries for the government to establish stable, clear, regulations and statues

origins if policing in the United States

based largely on policing in England, vigilantes, nigh watch, slave patrols and modern policing we see today started in New York

federal laws put into place from the mid 1800’s to the mid 1900’s

Metropolitan act of 1829- established the modern public policing and Fugitive slave law of 1850-addressed slave power conspiracy as number of slaves grew so slave patrols were put into place

actus rea

“guilty act” used to indicate the physical act of th crime

modus operandi

system to classify offenders and crimes which facilitated crime patterns

mens rea

“guilty of mind” used in court to prove criminal intent

Voting Rights Act of 1965

established federal oversight of election administration which meant that states with histories of discriminatory practices could not change anything that affected voting with reporting it to the DOJ

advancements of August Vollmer

Implement a code of ethics for officers,ban polticial corruption and gifts, outlawed the third degree, educated police force (1908 estabsihed Berkely police school, police officers should be able to earn college degrees), UC Berkely had the first graduate school in criminology advocated officers act as social workers and help intervine in their lives before the could commit crime, national fingerprint system, mationally form system for classification and collection of crime, telephone boxes with electric flashing signal alarms installked in stations, modus operandi- system solving crimes that facilitated the identification of crime patterns

causes and complaints of civil unrest in the 1960’s

Race-based civil rights movement, based primarily on evidence of lack of equal access to certain guaranteed freedoms for Blacks/African Americans

frankpledge, both, constable and tyth

tyth or frank pledge included all boys and men from age 12 or older from 10 households, constable were from small towns who were unarmed unpaid and part time

female duties in policing

they used to not be able to police everyone or wear uniforms and weren’t as active of the streets as male officers

Gender: Perceived differences between male and female officer

police culture empathizes hypermasculinity, females officers are perceived as incompetent, females less likely to use deadly force

Procedural Justice Theory and how it connects to public interaction with police

people's perception of fairness in the process of a police encounter, including how they are treated with respect, given a voice, and treated neutrally, significantly impacts their trust in the police and their willingness to cooperate, even if the outcome of the encounter isn't entirely favorable to them

CompSTAT, what is it

employs computer technology to gather up to date and accurate information on crime within neighborhoods

where was CompSTAT first created and used

in New York by NYPD in 1990s

minimum requirements to be a police officer

all require high school diploma and some require college degrees

police discretion

allows for police and others throughout the criminal justice system the latitude to make an arrest or not

contextual factors

??

identify different strategies that police departments may use to extend resources

building trust and legitimacy, policy and oversight, technology and social media, community policing and crime reduction, training and education, officers wellness and safety

police corruption

abuse of authority, officers who enage in misbehavior or criminal activities

police misconduct

breach of department policy

Knapp commission origins

reported more than half of police officers in NYPD were engaged in corruption, rotten apple theory, grass eaters and meat eaters

Christopher commission origins

LAPD after the beating of Rodney king by officers from this department, found racism and bias in LA departments

key aspects of the subculture of police

culture of policing but also secrecy, group solidarity, violence, cynicism, masculinity, isolation, and authoritarianism

proactive policing

self initiated officer activities to prevent and detect crime

reactive policing

traditional style of policing relying on responding to calls for services

exclusionary rule

the rule excludes from trial evidence that was obtained unlawfully, which violates a person’s
constitutional rights also know was the fruit of the poisonous tree

exceptions to exclusionary rule

inevitable discovery

exceptions to warrants

consent, plain view, exigent circumstances, incident to lawful arrest, automobiles, stop & frisk, regulatory searches

reasonable suspicion

based on minimal or no evidence, stop and frisk

probable cause

in criminal law, reasonable amount of suspicion supported by circumstances sufficiently strong to justify a prudent and cautious persons belief that certain facts are probably true, ex san officer can plainly see or sell contraband

Through what process can the legal definition of “due process” be changed?

the Supreme Court establishes a new precedent by overturning a case

miranda rights

fifth amendment, the right you have when you are arrested and getting questioned

miranda rights limitations

public safety exceptions, impacted based on previous statements

what constitutes a legal search

one that follows the 4th amendment which protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures but also consist of consent, a search warrant, and probable cause unless there is an exception

stop and frisk

also known as a Terry stop or field stop, this procedure allows the police to detain and search a person, pat down, when the officer reasonably suspects that a crime has been or will be committed