psychological disorders 1&2 - psych 1xx3

According to the textbook, which of the following is the best way to describe the typical prognosis of GAD?

A) Acute

B) Relapsed

C) Episodic

D) Chronic

D

Which of the following individuals would be most likely to develop schizophrenia according to the diathesis-stress model?

A) A person with a low diathesis and a moderate amount of stress, or a person with a low diathesis and a high amount of stress.

B) A person with a high diathesis and a moderate amount of stress, or a person with a low diathesis and a high amount of stress.

C) A person with a loi7 diathesis and a moderate amount of stress, or a person with a high diathesis and a low amount of stress

D) A person with a high diathesis and a moderate amount of stress, or a person with a low diathesis and a low amount of stress.

B

Which of the following accurately describes a limitation of the DSM-5?

A) Discrete categories in the DSM-5, rather than a more dimensional approach, allow psychiatrisis to over-diagnose people with psychological disorders who may actually be subclinical.

B) The DSM-5's diagnostic system might be overcomplicated, as it may be misclassifying individual symptoms as psychological disorders, rather than as symptoms of a larger problem.

C) The DSM-5 tends to view psychological disorders on a spectrum where different patients with disorders are classified based on degree, rather than based on mutually exclusive categories.

D) Comorbidity is a problem with the DSM-5, because it reflects the fact that psychiatrists who use the DSM-5 tend to intentionally ignore overlapping symptoms when diagnosing patients.

B

Which of the following accurately describes depressogenic schemata?

A) An individual responds to explicitly negative words and behaviours directed towards them by becoming more withdrawn and depressed,

B) An individual will have abnormal levels of serotonin dopamine, and GABA causing some neural patlyways to become depressogenic, or prone to depression.

C) An individual comes to learn that their actions cannot affect the negative stimuli in their environment and therefore that they are helpless to solve their problems.

D) An individual will interpret and evaluate information about their experiences, the world, and themselves as consistently and unrealistically negative.

D

According to the adaptive hypothesis of depression presented in lecture, why might depression have been selected as an adaptation in evolutionary history?

A) Depression adjusts the balance of monoamine neurotra smitters in a manner that is similar to many prescribed medications.

B) Depression downregulates analysis of trigger problems, which allows for increased social acceptance.

C) Depression serves to facilitate social withdrawal, which allows for complex problem solving.

D) Depression serves to facilitate increased reproductive activity thereby increasing the heritability of depressive disorders.

C

Which of the following scenarios correctly depicts the biological nodel of etiology?

A) A 22-year-old male named Travis struggles with generalized anxiety disorder and and is very similar to his stepfather who also has the disorder.

B) A 33-year-old woman named Jane is diagnosed with hoarding disorder, a disorder which both Jane's best friend and grandmother were diagnosed

with.

C) A 19-year-old male named Mark and his similar agechriend are both experiences stress at work causing them to show signs of major depressive

disorder.

D) A 40-year-old woman named Teresa is diagnosed with hoarding disorder. As a child, there was a history of Teresa's mom scolding her anytime she threw. away clothes that no longer fit.

B

According to the textbook, which of the following symptoms will most likely lead to a diagnosis of dysthymia?

A) Constant mild depression occurring for 3 years

B) Alternation between depression and normalcy occurring for 1 year

C) Decrease in energy and motivation in addition to a significant amount of weight gain

D) Constantly becoming depressed right after summer ends

A

Aqeel faces extreme anxiety. A clinical psychologist discovers that Aqeel's stress stems from his fear that he may embarrass himself in front of a large group of people.

Which etiological model can explain Ageel's disorder?

A) Behavioural

B) Biological

C) Cognitive

D) Environmental

C

If GAD is more concordant in monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins, what can We infer about GAD?

A) GAD has a high point prevalence.

B) Environmental factors play a large role in the etiology of GAD.

C) Genetics play a large role in the etiology of GAD.

D) GAD is more prevalent in twins.

C

Which of the following is true of the deviance criteria for abnormality?

A) It should include the cultural practices of minority populations.

B) It can include people with abnormally positive traits.

C) It should not include all people with abnormally negative traits.

D) It is subjective and does not require comparison to population standards.

B

According to the adaptive hypothesis of mental illness pres ted in lecture, how might depression be considered evolutionarily adaptive?

A) Depressive symptoms arise from the diversion of energy towards rumination of the original stressor.

B) According to the adaptive hypothesis, depression is not adaptive, but rather is entirely driven by where in the world you live.

C) Depressive symptoms elicit attention and help from others to increase one's fitness.

D) Depressive symptoms arise from the diversion of energy towards an immune response to fight physical illness.

A

For several years, Stefan has realized that as soon as winter arrives, he starts to feel depressive symptoms. However, as soon as summer arrives, he gets a boost of energy and returns to his happy self. According to the textbook, which of the

following diagnoses is Stefan most likely to receive?

A) Cyclothymia because Stefan has been experiencing mild symptoms of bipolar disturbance for 2+ years.

B) Bipolar disorder because episodes of depression are followed by episodes of

energy.

C) Seasonal affective disorder because onset occurs during specific seasons.

D) Dysthymia because Stefan is experiencing less severe depression, but constantly.

C

According to lecture, which of the following statements would an individual supporting the adaptive hypothesis of depression make?

A) A downregulation in interest toward physical and social activity reflects maladaptive sickness and resource allocation.

B) An upregulation in interest toward physical and social activity is often matched by recovery in physical sickness.

C) Depression is an adaptation that focuses limited attention resources on root problems that triggered the depressed state of mind.

D) Depression is best treated by medication that works on neural targets, such as serotonin, to reduce clinical symptoms.

C

Which of the following best describes the annual prevalence of a psychological disorder?

A) The ratio of individuals in remission to individuals experiencing an episode a particular disorder.

B) The percentage of a population with a particular disorder at a specific point it time.

C) The percentage of a population who has had a particular disorder in the past year.

D) The ratio of individuals exhibiting symptoms of a disorder within a given year.

C

According to lecture, which of the following correctly describes an individual with synesthesia?

A) Clark became nauseous the last time he had pesto pasta. So whenever he sees anything green he gets a sick feeling in his stomach.

B) Beth dislikes her neighbour Stacy so much that just the sound of her name leaves Beth with the taste of spoiled milk in her mouth.

C) Jen always sees the letter 'N' as sienna brown, 'R' as forest green and the number '8' as blood orange.

D) Josh claims that notes in the minor key remind him of the colour blue, because both seem sad to him.

C

Which of the following is true of prevalence rates?

A) For most disorders, annual prevalence rate will likely be greater than its point prevalence.

B) For most disorders, point prevalence rate will likely be greater than its annual prevalence.

C) A disorder's lifetime prevalence rate includes the number of people who will eventually have the disorder within their lifetime.

D) A disorder's annual prevalence rate includes the number of people who will have the disorder within the next year.

A

Which of the following is true of the deviance criteria for abnormality?

A) It should include the cultural practices of minority populations.

B) It is subjective and does not require comparison to population standards.

C) It can include people with abnormally positive traits.

D) It should not include all people with abnormally negative traits.

C

What does the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia reflect?

A) Schizophrenia has a multi-faceted etiology.

B) Schizophrenia has a multi-faceted symptomatology.

C) The environment plays a larger role in schizophrenia's development than biology.

D) Biology plays a larger role in schizophrenia's development than the environment.

A

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the behavioural model?

A) It treats individuals as only being able to react to their environment.

B) Some behavioural treatments do not translate to different environments.

C) Some symptoms and behaviours cannot be learned.

D) It cannot explain what causes depression.

D

Which of the following scenarios is least likely to lead to the presentation of depressive symptoms?

A) An individual with low diathesis experiences low stress levels.

B) An individual with high diathesis experiences high stress levels.

C) An individual with low diathesis experiences high stress levels.

D) An individual with high diathesis experiences low stress levels.

A

Which of the following statements regarding schizophrenia is correct?

A) Individuals with a genetic predisposition for the disorder may develop schizophrenia if triggered by a stressful environment.

B) Individuals with the gene causing schizophrenia will develop the disorder if triggered by a dysfunctional environment.

C) Individuals with the gene causing schizophrenia may develop the disorder in a stressful environment.

D) Individuals with a genetic predisposition for the disorder will develop schizophrenia in a stressful environment.

A

Which of the following best describes a cognitive explanation of etiology?

A) An individual minimizes the significance of an unjust judgement

B) An individual believes their thoughts are being manipulated by others

C) An individual is rewarded for negative behaviours

D) An individual internalizes unfair criticism

D

According to lecture, the condition of synesthesia satisfies which of the 4 D's of abnormality?

A) Distress

B) Deviance

C) Danger

D) Dysfunction

B

According to lecture, which of the following case studies best describes synaesthesia?

A) Gillian enjoys eating citrus fruits because they trigger a specific fond memory of vacationing in Cuba as a child. She is surprised at how emotional this experience can be at times.

B) April uses her feelings about form to guide her cooking. Sweet flavours are "round" while sour flavours are "sharp" and she balances these forms when cooking.

C) Charlie feels uncomfortable watching a commercial about coffee. Sometimes the sound of the word "coffee" leaves a pleasant sweet taste in his mouth, but at other times an unpleasant bitter taste.

D) Antoine creates beautiful abstract paintings by listening to music and capturing what he believes might be the corresponding colors. Interestingly,

he can change the colours depending on his mood.

B

A 29-year-old male named John is diagnosed with schizophrenia. In addition to his maternal aunt having this same disorder, John has a history of traumatic events occurring in his life. Which etiological models are at play here?

A) The environmental model and biological model

B) The environmental model and behavioural model

C) The environmental model, biological model, and behavioural model

D) The biological model and behavioural model

A

Which etiological model encompasses over-active reward systems in the brain?

A) Environmental

B) Cognitive

C) Biological

D) Psychodynamic

C

Which of the following is correct regarding positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A) Negative symptoms are behaviours that decrease relatively over time.

B) Positive symptoms are behaviours relatively increased by degree.

C) Negative symptoms are relatively less likely in individuals with higher diatheses.

D) Positive symptoms allow for an individual to better cope with their negative symptoms.

B

According to lecture, which of the following is NOT a defining trait of synaesthesia?

A) Symptoms often vary over time.

B) Symptoms are often laden with affect.

C) Symptoms are automatic.

D) Symptoms are spatially extended.

A

Which of the following scenarios correctly depicts the behavioral model of etiology?

A) A 36-year-old male with major depressive disorder who lives alone will receive visits from his family that lives out of country when he's experiencing episodes of intense depression.

B) A 36-year-old male with major depressive disorder who lives alone wishes his family would come to visit when he's experiencing periods of intense depression.

C) A 27-year-old female with generalized anxiety disorder experiences severe episodes of tenseness and edginess in social situations.

D) A 27-year-old female with generalized anxiety disorder did not partake in any social gatherings outside of school as a child because she thinks she has poor social skills.

A

Which of the following is correct regarding positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A) Positive symptoms are behaviours relatively increased by degree.

B) Positive symptoms allow for an individual to better cope with their negative symptoms.

C) Negative symptoms are behaviours that decrease relatively over time

D) Negative symptoms are relatively less likely in individuals with higher diatheses.

A

What is predicted by the environmental model of psychological disorder?

A) Positive environments can be presented in response to negative behaviours.

B) Psychological disorders arise from consistently positive environments.

C) Psychological disorders arise from consistently stressful environments.

D) Negative environments can be presented in response to positive behaviours.

C

Primo believes that his friend displays depressive symptoms because she has learned that displaying these symptoms elicits sympathy and attention from others. Which etiological model is Primo using?

A) Behavioural

B) Biological

C) cognitive

D) Environmental

A

Felicity was diagnosed with major depression three years ago and has experienced several recurrent episodes of severe depression followed by return to normal functioning. Over the span of one month, Felicity began to feel more motivated than usual and was able to write an entire novel that was immediately accepted for publication based on its high quality. According to the textbook, which of the following diagnoses best describes Felicity's symptoms?

A) Bipolar disorder I

B) Bipolar disorder II

C) Dysthymia

D) Rapid-cycling major depression

C

Which of the following does NOT provide an example of one of the "four D's" for determining psychopathology?

A) Jessie is friendly, but sometimes he is unable to go to work because he likes talking to too many people on the way there.

B) Jessie is friendly to his neighbours, but at times they are unsure how to reciprocate his actions.

C) Jessie is friendly to everyone he meets, but he feels really anxious when people are not overly nice in return.

D) Jessie is happy to do any activity he is involved, but he sometimes goes a few days without eating because these activities distract him.

B