Topic in Korean Linguistic Finals

List Korean pronouns according to different proximity:

이 (this), ______ (that), & _______ (that over there). 

이 (this), __그__ (that), & __저___ (that over there). 

Below data are the examples of Korean affixation. Write which part of the word is an affix and identify both of what kind of bound morphemes and affixes in each word. For example, derivational prefix, inflectional suffix, etc.)

 

(a) 맨발 ‘bare foot’    

(b) 먹기 ‘eating’             

(a) 맨발 ‘bare foot’    derivational prefix

(b) 먹기 ‘eating’        derivational suffix

Discuss why (a) is ungrammatical, but (b) is grammatical. Discuss (a) and (b), respectively.

(a) *민호는 의사가         이다.                    (a) is ungrammatical because

        M-top   doctor-nom  be-dec

        ‘Minho is a doctor.’

 

(b) 민호는 의사가 아니다.                 (b) is grammatical because

      M-top  doctor-nom  neg-be-dec        

      ‘Minho is not a doctor.’

a) This sentence is ungrammatical because when using the positive copula "이다", it does not carry the subject particle 이/가

b) This sentence is grammatical because when using the negative copula '아니다', it is require to carry the subject particle 이/가

Discuss why numerals with different origins (i.e., native Korean (NK) & Sino-Korean (SK)) are used differently in (a) and (b). Discuss (a) and (b), respectively.

(a) 쉰다섯 살 ’55 (NK) + age (NK)’ In (a), 

(b) 오십 세 ’55 (SK) + age (SK)’ In (b),

a) When using native Korean numbers (쉰다섯), a native counter (살) needs to be used as well.

b) When using Sino-Korean numbers (오십), a Sino-Korean counter (세) needs to be used as well.

Discuss why (a-b) are grammatical, while (c) is ungrammatical. Discuss (a), (b), and (c), respectively.

(a) 파티에 사람들이 많이 왔다.                     (a) is grammatical because

                         pl-nom 

      ‘Lots of people showed up at the party.’

 

(b) 파티에 두 사람-Ø이 왔다. (b) is grammatical because

(c) *파티에 두 사람들이 왔다. (c) is ungrammatical because

a) This sentence is grammatical because when the noun is generic (사람), the plural suffix -들 can be used.

b) This sentence is grammatical because when using the plural suffix (두), -들 cannot be used.

c) This sentence is ungrammatical because when using the plural suffix (두), it is redundant to use the plural suffix -들.

Discuss why (a) is ungrammatical, while (b-c) are grammatical. Discuss (a) and (b-c), respectively.

(a) *기쁜다 ‘happy-ing’           (a) is ungrammatical because

(b) 간다 ‘go, go-ing’                 (b) is grammatical because

(c) 먹는다 ‘eat, eat-ing            (c) is grammatical because

a) This is ungrammatical because adjectives do not denote “action” and are “stative.” Therefore they cannot have progressive/ongoing tense.

b-c) Tthe intransitive verb 가다 and the transitive verb 먹는다, respectively can have progressive/ongoing tense, so it should have the ending  ~(으)ㄴ다.

Convert the phrases below to noun compounds.

(a) 해 돋다 ‘The sun rises.’ (Lit.) ‘sun-rise’ -->

(b) 말 다투다 ‘fight in words’ (Lit.) ‘word-fight’ --> 

(c) 글 짓다 ‘make writing’ (Lit.) ‘writing-make’ --> 

a) 해 돋이

b) 말 다툼

c) 글 짓기

Mark the compounding boundary (i.e., 여기+저기) and identify the types of compounding such as noun compounding, verb compounding, etc.

(a) 언어학 (language-study) ‘linguistics’

(b) 힘들다 (strength-take) ‘difficult’

(c) 값싸다 (price-cheap) ‘cheap’

a) [언어] [학] noun compounding

b) [힘] [들다] verb compounding 

c) [값] [싸다] adjective compounding

Write the derivational morphemes and identify the types of derivations such as noun derivation, verb derivation, etc.

(a) 과학자 (science-) ‘scientist’

(b) 울리다 (cry-) ‘make cry’

(c) 향기롭다 (fragrance-) ‘be fragrant’

(d) 재미있게 (fun-) ‘with fun’

a) Noun derivation, 자

b) Verb derivation, 리

c) Adjective derivation, 롭

d) Adverb Derivation, 게

What morphemes belong to open classes?

content

What morphemes belong to bound morphemes?

inflectional

Nouns can be followed by (                  ) to show grammatical functions (subject, object, topic, and postposition).

particles

What is the equivalent to the reflexive pronoun, himself in Korean?

그 자신

What is the ordinal number of “the first” with native Korean number?

첫째

What kind of compounding process do the below data undergo?

[오래][오래] (long-long) ‘ for a long time’, [옹기][종기] ‘in small tight groups’

reduplication

What kind of verb compounding do the data below undergo?

(a) [돌아][가다] (turn-and-go) ‘go back’

(b) [알아][듣다] (know-and-hear) ‘understand something said’     

serial verbs

What kind of verb compounding do the data below undergo?

[밥/공부/청소]-Ø [하다] (rice/work/cleaning-do ‘cook/study/clean’

light verbs

What kind of verb derivation do the data below undergo?

(a) 쓰이다 [ssu][-i-ta] (use-) ‘be used’

(b) 막히다 [mak][-hi-ta] (block-) ‘be closed off’

passive verbs

What kind of verb derivation do the data below undergo?

(a) 먹이다 [mek][-i-ta] (eat-) ‘feed’

(b) 굽히다 [kwup][-hi-ta] (bend-) ‘be bent’

causative verb

True/False: Particles like 이/가, 은/는 are free morphemes. 

False

True/False: Inflectional morphemes mark tense, case, number.

True

True/False: A noun in a preceding sentence in Korean is more often repeated than pronominalized, unlike English pronouns, he she, it, they…

True

Discuss why (b) is ungrammatical while (a) is grammatical. Discuss both (a) and (b), respectively.

(a) 학교에 영희가 간다.                                         (a) is grammatical because

     hakkyo-e    Yenghuy-ka   ka-n-ta.

     school-loc   Y-nom           go-prs-dec

 

(b) *학교-Ø 영희-Ø 간다.                                      (b) is ungrammatical because

     *hakkyo-Ø Yenghuy-Ø    ka-n-ta.

(a) is grammatical because it includes particles such as '가' and '에', which allow the reader to know the function of each word, regardless of whether the words are scrambled or not in the correct order above.

(b) is ungrammatical because it omits particles such as '가' and '에', the meaning of the sentence would be lost because in a scrambled sentence, deletions of particles make the sentence ambiguous/confusing.

Discuss why (b) is ungrammatical while (a) is grammatical. Discuss both (a) and (b), respectively.

(a) 옛날에 어떤 마을에 한 할머니가 살았어요.                                 (a) is grammatical because

     yeysnal-ey      etten  maul-ey      han halmeni-ka         sal-ass-eyo.

     old.times-loc  some village-loc   a grandmother-nom  live-pst-dec

     ‘Once upon a time, in a village, there lived one old woman.’

 

(b) *옛날에 어떤 마을에 한 할머니는 살았어요.                               (b) is ungrammatical because

(a) The subject/focus particle -가 is used when the subject of the sentence is New Information.

(b) The topic particle -는 has to be used with Old Information. -는 cannot be used with New Information.

Discuss why the particle -는 is used in (a) while the particle -가 is used in (b). Discuss both (a) and (b), respectively.

(a) 개는 짖는다.                     In (a), the particle -는 is used because

     kay-nun  cic-nun-ta.

     dog-top   bark-prs-dec

     ‘Dogs bark.’

       

(b) 개가 짖는다.                    In (b), the particle -가 is used because

     ‘A (certain) dog is barking.’

In (a), the particle -는 is used because -는 is used to make a generic statement such as 'dog bark', however, in the case of (b), the particle -가 is used because it is referring to a specific dog in the statement, therefore making it a new, particular, and exclusive statement.

Consider the conversation below. Discuss why (C) becomes ungrammatical while (B) is grammatical. Discuss both (B) and (C), respectively.

A: 누가 이겼니?

     Nwu-ka     iky-ess-ni?

     who-nom  win-pst-Q

     ‘Who won?’           

 

B: 민호가 이겼어요.             (B) is grammatical because

     Minho-ka  iky-ess-eyo.

     M-nom      win-pst-dec

     ‘Minho won.’

 

C: *민호는 이겼어요.             (C) is ungrammatical because

(B) grammatical because the subject/focus particle '가' is used when the subject of the sentence is an answer to the question and the answer is New Information.

(A) is ungrammatical because the topic particle -는 has to be used with Old Information. -는 cannot be used with New Information, which is the answer to the question.

Define the function (or meaning) of the particle -는 and state the implication of the sentence.

             민호가 사과는 좋아한다.

             Minho-ka  sakwa-nun    choa-ha-n-ta.

             M-nom      apple-top   like-do-prs-dec

             ‘Minho likes apples.’

           

           The function of the particle -는 is             ____________________________________________

           Implication:            ____________________________________________

The function of the particle -는 is contrastive.

Implication: The particle emphasized that Minho only likes the fruit apples, and no other fruits.

Compare (a) and (b) focusing on the different usage of tense morphemes. Provide the implications for (a) and (b).

(a) 어제 친구가 놀러 왔었다.

      ece            chinkwu-ka   nol-le       w-ass.ess-ta.

      yesterday  friend-nom    play-cau  come-rem.pst-dec        

      ‘A friend came yesterday (implication: _____________________________).’

 

(b) 어제 친구가 놀러 왔다.

      ece             chinkwu-ka  nol-le       w-ass-ta.

      yesterday  friend-nom    play-cau  come-pst-dec

      ‘A friend came yesterday (implication: ___________________________).’ 

(a) but they left.

(b) stay a while.

(a) 민수가 학교에 가더라. (a) is grammatical because

     Minswu-ka  hakkyo-ey  ka-te-la.

     M-nom        school          go-ret-dec

     'Minsu went to school (as I recall-I saw him go).’

     

(b) *내가 도서관에 가더라. (b) is ungrammatical because

     *nay-ka    tosekwan-ey  ka-te-la.

       I-nom     library-loc      go-ret-dec

       ‘(I see) I went to the library.’

(a) is grammatical because '더' is used to indicate retrospective past, and since the speaker is recalling an event he/she witnessed, the particle being used is correct.

(b) is ungrammatical because  '더' is used to indicate retrospective past, and can only be used when the speaker is recalling an event he/she witnessed. This means that the speaker can not use it to recall an action they have performed themselves since they can not witness the action occurring.

Discuss why (a) is grammatical while (b) and (c) are ungrammatical. Discuss (a), (b), and (c), respectively.

(a) 이 사진 어제 찍은 거니?      (a) is grammatical because

      I       sacin    ece            ccik-un      ke-ni?

      this  photo   yesterday   take-mod   thing-Q

      ‘Is this the photo that was taken yesterday?’

 

(b) *이 사진 어제 찍던 거니?        (b) becomes ungrammatical because

     ‘Is this the photo that was being taken yesterday?’

 

(c) *이 사진 어제 찍는 거니? (c) becomes ungrammatical because

     ‘Is this the photo that is taken yesterday?’

(a) is grammatical because the particle '은' is used to indicate 'complete past', and since the action has been completed in the past, this makes the  '은' an appropriate choice.

(b) becomes ungrammatical because the particle '던' is used to indicate 'incomplete past'. This means that the action had started yesterday but has not finished; however, based on the other words it would suggest the action is finished, thus making the particle '던' an inappropriate choice.

(c) becomes ungrammatical because the particle '는' is used when referring to the present tense. However, based on the word '아제', the action would have occurred yesterday and not in the present, thus making the particle '는' an inappropriate choice.

Which particle canNOT be attached to 영희?

    영희____ 얼굴이 참 예쁘다.

    Yenghuy-  elkwu-i     cham   yeppu-ta

     Y-              face-nom   truly    beautiful-dec

     ‘Yenghuy is really pretty.’

를

Which particle is appropriate in the blank?

철수는 뱀_____ 무섭다.

Chelswu-nun  paym-     mwusep-ta.

C-top              snake       afraid-dec                 

‘Chelswu is afraid of snakes.’

이

Which particle is NOT appropriate in the blank below?

    자세한 것은 순이_______ 물어봐.

      casey-h-an        kes-un       Swuni-         mwul-e  pwa.

      detail-do-mod   thing-top   S-                 ask-e see-dec

      ‘Ask (to) Swuni about details.’

에

Which particle is appropriate in the blank?

      순이가 도서관________ 책을 본다.

      Swuni-ka  tosekwan-         chayk-ul   po-n-ta.

      S-nom        library-            book-acc   see-pres-dec

     ‘Swuni is reading a book in the library.’   

에서

Which particle is appropriate in the blank?

      옛날에 어떤 마을에 (한) 할머니____ 살았어요.

      yeysnal-ey   etten  maul-ey         (han) halmeni-      sal-ass-eyo.

      old.times-loc  some village-loc   a grandmother-     live-pst-dec

      ‘Once upon a time, in a village, there lived one old woman.’

가

What is the Quotative particle (‘~saying that’) in Korean?

고

Which connective/conjunctive is appropriate in the blank?

      [술래는 노래를 부르______] 춤을 추어라.

       swullay-nun      nolay-lul  pwulu-,         chwum-ul chwu-ela.

       seeker (‘it’)-top song-acc  sing-or         dance-acc dance-comm

       ‘The one who is ‘it’ has to either sing or do a dance.’

 

-거나

Select an appropriate adnominal morpheme.

      나는 내일 떠_______ 예정이다.

      na-nun  nayil          ttena-         yeyceng-i-ta.

      I-top     tomorrow  leave-         plan-cop-dec             

      ‘I plan to leave tomorrow.’    (Intent)

날

Select an appropriate mood suffix in the blank.

      가____라 ka-____-la ‘Go’ (Imperative)

      먹____라 mek-___-la ‘Eat’ (Imperative)      

거

True/False: Omissions of case particles in Korean depend on discourse.   

True

True/False: Pre-final endings in Korean include tense, aspect, and modality (mood).             

True

True/False: The particle -겠- -keyss- functions as volition and conjecture as well as mostly present tense.

False

True/False: Topic particles can be used for generic, definiteness, and contrastiveness.

True

The sentence (b) is scrambled out of the sentence (a). Discuss briefly whether the sentences (a-b) are semantically the same or not, and how same or different pragmatics between the two sentences. Fill in the blanks for the discussions.

(a) [민호가 [순이를 사랑한다]].

[Minho-ka [Swuni-lul salang-ha-n-ta]]. M-nom S-acc love-do-prs-dec ‘Minho loves Swuni.’ (Semantic meaning)

(b) [순이를 [민호가 [ t 사랑한다]]]. [Swuni-lul [Minho-ka [ t salang-ha-n-ta]]].

S-acc M-nom love-do-prs-dec

‘[ _______________]’ (Semantic meaning)
Implication 1: _______________________________

Implication 2: _______________________________

‘[ ___Minho loves Swuni___]’ (Semantic meaning)
Implication 1: _It is Swuni who Mino loves (focus)_______

Implication 2: __Speaking of Swuni, Minho loves her (focus)__

Identify what kind of Negation are (a) and (b), first. Discuss why (a) becomes ungrammatical while (b) is grammatical. Discuss (a) and (b), respectively.

(a) *그 정보는 안 정확하다.

*ku cengpo-nun an cenghwak-ha-ta.

the information-top neg accurate-do-dec ‘

That information is not accurate.’

____________ Negation

(a) is ungrammatical because

(b) 그 정보는 정확하지 않다.
Ku cengpo-nun cenghwak-ha-ci
the information-top accurate-do-ci neg-dec

That information is not accurate.
____________ Negation

(b) is grammatical because

(a) _Short-form__ Negation

(a) is ungrammatical because short-form negation is not allowed when the predicative is polysyllabic, compound predicates or derived predicates.,

(b) ____Long-form___ Negation

(b) is grammatical because it can be used when the predicate is not polysyllabic, compound predicates, or derived predicates compound

Identify what kind of construction is (b), first. Then, fill in the blanks in (b).

(a) 대학생들이 이 소설을 많이 읽는다.

tayhaksayng-tul-i i sosel-ul manhi ilk-nun-ta.

college.student-pl-nom this novel-acc a.lot read-prs-dec

‘College students read this novel a lot.’

(b) 이 소설_____ 대학생들________ 많이 읽___다.

I sosel- tayhaksayng-tul- manhi ilk- -ta.

this novel- college.student-pl- a.lot read- -dec

‘This novel is read a lot by college students.’

______ Passives

(b) 이 소설이___ 대학생들어게_____ 많이 읽는__다.

____Dative Animate___ Passive

Identify what kind of Causatives are (a) and (b), first. Then, discuss briefly the different readings between (a) and (b).

(a) 어머니가 영희에게 옷을 입힌다.

emma-ka Yenghuy-eykey os-ul ip-hi-n-ta.

mom-nom Y-dat clothes-acc put.on-cau-prs-dec

‘The mother puts Yenghuy’s clothes on her.’

_________ Causative

Reading:______________________________

(b) 어머니가 영희에게 옷을 입게 한다.

emma-ka Yenghuy-eykey os-ul ip-key ha-n-ta.

mother-nom Y-dat clothes-acc put.on-adv do-prs-dec

‘Yenghuy’s mother lets her put (her own) clothes on.’

_________ Causative

Reading:______________________________

(a) ___Short-form___ Causative

Reading: Direct R: Meaning: The subject ‘the mother’ participate in the action.

(b) ____Long-form_ Causative

Reading: Indirect R: The subject ‘the mother’ does not particpates in the action.

Which connective is appropriate in the blank?

민수는 학교에 가_____ 공부를 했다.

Minswu-nun hakkyo-ey ka- kongpwu-lul ha-yss-ta. M-top school-loc go-and.then study-acc do-pst-dec ‘Minwu went to school and (then) studied.’

-서

Which quotative marker is appropriate in the blank?

[[인호가 [빌이 김치를 먹었______] 말했다]].

[[Inho-ka [Bill-I kimchi-lul mek-ess- ] malha-yass-ta]].

I-nom B-nom kimchi-acc eat-pst- say-pst-dec

‘Inho said [that Bill ate kimcahi].’

-다고

Which quotative marker is appropriate in the blank?

경찰이 말고 횡단보도를 이용하____했다.

‘The police requested/commanded that we should use the crosswalk, not the street.’

-라고

Which particle is appropriate in the blank?

도시가 태풍-_____ 휩쓸렸다.

tosi-ka thayphwung-[ ] hwipssul-l-yess-ta.

city-nom typhoon-( ) seep.over-pass-pst-dec

‘The city was swept over by the typhoon.’

-에

Which word is appropriate in the blank?

집이 김 씨___________ 박 씨에게 팔렸다.

cip-i Kim-ssi- Pak-ssi-eykey phal-l-yess-ta.

house-nom Kim-Mr.- Pak-Mr.-loc sell-pass-pst-dec ‘

The house was sold by Mr. Kim to Mr. Park.’

-에 의해

Which one is appropriate in the blank?

나는 오후에는 책이 안 읽_______다.

na-nun ohwu-ey-nun chayk-i an ilk- -ta.

I-top afternoon-loc-top book-nom neg read- -dec

‘I can’t read books in the afternoon.’
(Lit.) As for me, in the afternoon, books are not read.’

-아진

Which particle is the right one in the blank?

어머니가 아기-________ 우유를 먹인다.

emenika aki-[ ] wuyu-lul mek-i-n-ta.

mother-nom baby-( ) milk-acc eat-cau-prs-dec

‘The mother is feeding the baby milk.’

-에게