Real Exam Review Oral

What are the Canons of Rhetoric?

The five principles of classical speech preparation: Invention (finding arguments), Arrangement (organizing speech), Style (word choice), Memory (mastering content), Delivery (vocal & physical presentation)

What are Aristotle’s three artistic proofs?

Ethos (credibility/character), Pathos (emotional appeal), Logos (logical argument)

What are the secondary dimensions of credibility beyond competence/character?

Inspire (motivational ability), Dynamism (energy), Sociability (likability), Composure (calmness under pressure).

What are the 3 D’s of informative speaking?

Define, Describe, Demonstrate.

What are the 5 C’s of an effective speaker?

Character, Charisma, Competence, Credibility, Confidence.

What are the three stages of credibility?

Initial (before speech), Derived (during speech), Terminal (after speech).

Differentiate hearing from critical listening.

Hearing is physiological reception of sound. Critical listening involves evaluating the source, evidence, plausibility, arguments, and consistency of a message

Name and describe the four stages of perception.

1. Selecting (focusing on certain stimuli),

2. Organizing (categorizing information into schemata),

3. Interpreting (assigning meaning),

4. Evaluating (judging the information).

Define the three selective perception biases.

Selective Exposure: Seeking info that confirms beliefs.

Selective Perception: Interpreting info to fit beliefs.

Selective Retention: Remembering info that supports beliefs.

What are schemata?

Mental structures used to organize information by clustering associated material (e.g., "restaurant script")

What is a prototype?

The best-case example of a category (e.g., the "ideal friend")

What are personal constructs?

Individualized, bipolar scales used to evaluate people/things (e.g., kind–mean, intelligent–ignorant)

Differentiate front region from back region

Back: Front Region: Where public performance of identity occurs (e.g., server with customers).

Back Region: Where one relaxes out of public view (e.g., kitchen staff

Differentiate self-description from self-disclosure.

Self-description: Sharing obvious traits (e.g., "I'm a student").

Self-disclosure: Revealing private information (e.g., fears, secrets)

What is a narrative in identity construction?

An organized story with a plot/theme used to explain who you are and account for events

What is the symbolic self?

The self that is transacted in interaction with others; it arises from social interaction, not from an internal core alone

What is symbolic interactionism?

The theory that the self is formed through social interaction and the meanings derived from symbols

What is the attitude of reflection?

The ability to see yourself as others see you, which guides your behavior

What is ethnocentric bias?

Judging other cultures by the standards of your own, often believing your culture is superior

Contrast individualistic and collectivistic cultures.

Individualistic: Values personal goals, independence (e.g., U.S.).

Collectivistic: Values group harmony, interdependence (e.g., Japan)

Contrast high-context and low-context cultures.

High-Context: Relies on nonverbal cues, context, and relationships (much is unsaid).

Low-Context: Relies on explicit, direct verbal messages.

What are co-cultures?

Cultural groups within a larger dominant culture (e.g., gamers, LGBTQ+ community, ethnic subgroups)

What is intercultural communication?

Communication between members of different cultural groups.

Describe the relationship filtering model.

A model of relationship initiation through four filters:

1. Appearance

2. Behavior/Nonverbal Cues,

3. Roles

4. Psychological Similarity

What are RCCUs and their three types?

Communication used to maintain relationships across absence: Prospective (future plans), Introspective (contact during absence), Retrospective (storytelling after reunion)

Name the three internal relational dialectics.

1. Openness vs. Closedness (disclosure vs. privacy),

2. Novelty vs. Predictability (excitement vs. stability),

3. Connection vs. Autonomy (closeness vs. independence).

What are five types of groups?

Formal, Advisory, Creative, Support, Networking.

List the five stages of the Breakdown Process Model.

1. Intrapsychic (private dissatisfaction),

2. Dyadic (confrontation),

3. Social (going public),

4. Grave Dressing (creating the breakup story),

5. Resurrection (moving on).

List key characteristics of groups.

Cohesiveness, Interdependence, Commitment, Norms, Roles, Culture

What are out-groups?

Members who feel marginalized or oppose the group's majority.

Define task, social (maintenance), and disruptive roles.

Focus on goals.

Social: Focus on relationships/cohesion. Disruptive: Block group progress

Differentiate task leaders from socioemotional leaders.

Task Leaders: Focus on goals/productivity. Socioemotional Leaders: Focus on group morale/relationships

Name the five types of power in leadership.

Legitimate (position), Expert (knowledge), Referent (respect/liking), Reward (ability to reward), Coercive (ability to punish)

What is vocational anticipatory socialization?

Learning about a profession/workplace before entering it (via family, media, internships)

What does formality/hierarchy refer to in the workplace?

The degree of structure, rules, and power differences in an organization.

Contrast instrumental and relational workplace goals.

Instrumental: Task-oriented goals. Relational: Relationship-building goals.

What is professional face?

The identity and reputation one manages in a workplace context

What is structuration theory?

The theory that social structures (e.g., workplace routines) are both the medium and outcome of human action—created and maintained through communication

What is industrial time?

The structuring of work life around clock time, schedules, and deadlines.

How do relational needs connect to technology/media use?

People use technology/media to connect, maintain relationships, and construct identities with others (it's a shared relational activity)

What are parasocial relationships?

One-sided emotional bonds with media personas (celebrities, characters)

How does media socialize us?

Media teach norms, values, and behaviors of society and specific groups

What is the media equation?

The theory that people treat media/computers as real social actors

Differentiate synchronous and asynchronous communication.

Synchronous: Real-time (phone call, live chat). Asynchronous: Time-delayed (email, text)

What is a self-inventory for topic selection?

Brainstorming speech topics based on your own knowledge, interests, and experiences

Define brainstorming.

A creative process for generating many ideas without initial judgment

Contrast captive and voluntary audiences.

Captive: Required to attend. Voluntary: Chooses to attend (affects motivation and approach)

Differentiate attitude, belief, and value.

Attitude: Evaluation of something. Belief: What you hold as true. Value: Deeply held principle

What is a thesis statement?

A single, declarative sentence stating the central idea of a speech.

What is a specific purpose statement?

A statement beginning "To inform/persuade my audience..." that specifies the speech's goal

What is testimony in a speech?

Using someone else's words (expert or peer) as evidence.

What is a hypothetical illustration?

A made-up but plausible scenario used to explain a point.

Explain the Points Principle.

Main points are core ideas; sub-points provide support and detail.

List seven organizational patterns for speeches.

Topical, Chronological, Spatial, Causal, Problem-Solution, Question-Answer, Elimination.

What are the three rules of outlining?

1. Unity (each point relates to thesis), 2. Guidance (clear structure), 3. Balance (relatively equal importance)

What is an attention-getter?

A device used in the introduction to capture audience interest (story, quote, question, etc.)

What is the orientation phase?

The part of the introduction that establishes relevance, credibility, and previews the speech

What is a clincher statement?

The final statement in a conclusion that provides strong closure.

What are expository presentations?

Another term for informative speeches that explain or describe.

Name strategies for effective informative speaking.

Relate to audience experience, limit information, adjust abstraction levels, use descriptions/details, compare/contrast

Differentiate persuasive speeches to convince from those to actuate.

Change thinking/beliefs (Claims of Policy, Value, Fact, Conjecture). Actuate: Move audience to action

List common fallacious arguments.

Ad Hominem, Appeal to Authority, Bandwagon, Appeal to Relationships, Hasty Generalization, Red Herring, Equivocation

What are Aristotle’s artistic proofs?

Ethos, Pathos, Logos.

Differentiate inductive and deductive reasoning.

Inductive: Specific examples → general conclusion. Deductive: General premise → specific conclusion

1

1

Explain Social Judgment Theory.

Persuasion depends on audience's pre-existing attitudes: Latitude of Acceptance, Rejection, and Non-commitment, anchored by their initial position (anchor)

What are the four styles of speech delivery?

Impromptu, Extemporaneous, Scripted (Manuscript), Memorized

How can you manage communication apprehension?

Preparation, practice, positive visualization, relaxation exercises, focus on audience

What are the purposes of presentational aids?

Clarify, emphasize, illustrate, and increase retention/engagement.

What are nonfluencies or fillers?

Verbal fillers like "um," "uh," "like," "you know" that disrupt fluency

What are distracting mannerisms?

Repetitive physical habits (pacing, fidgeting, hair-twirling) that distract from the message.