0.7- Economic Expansion and Change: The Crusades and After

What changes/inventions helped farmers produce more food

iron plows, horses to pull plows, new crop rotation system

What happened as warfare declined?

trade improved, demand for goods increased, trade routes expanded

What happened as annual trade fairs happened? (3)

sign of economic revival,

traders all over Europe met at fairs near rivers where trade routes met,

trade centers arose along routes and grew into 1st medieval cities

What was charter?

document establishing rights and privileges for town in exchange for large sum of $, yearly fee, or both

How was a typical medieval city?

narrow streets lined with tall houses, filthy, smelly, noisy, and crowded, breeding ground for disease, ppl attracted to opportunities there

What happened as trade expanded? (5)

new business practices arose:

1: need for capital or $ investment,

2: growth of banks,

3: merchants joined in partnerships,

4: development of insurance, use of credit than cash

5: use of money increased overall

What social changes occurred? (4) hint!: mainly about peasants

1: peasants sold goods to townspeople

2: peasants hired as laborers or tenant farmers paying rent for      land

3: middle class emerged: merchants, traders, artisans,

4: guilds arose

What were guilds?

associations controlling/protecting trades or businesses

How could you become a guild member?

learned craft or trade in early childhood years as apprentices, after 7 years became a journeyman (salaried worker)

few became guild masters

some women dominated some trades and had own guilds

What were the Crusades?

series of wars in which Christians fought Muslims for control Middle Eastern lands (Holy Lands)

What land did the Seljuk Turks conquer?

Byzantine lands in Asia Minor and then moved into Holy Land

Who launched the Crusade to win control of the Holy Lands

Pope Urban II

How many crusades were there

4 crusades

What did Pope Urban II famously say and command Christians to do during the Crusades?

“God wills it”, told Christians to kill other Christians in the Middle East because they claimed to be the origin (very ironic)

What was the impact of the Crusades? (9)

1: legacy of distrust between Middle East and Europe (800 years)

2: Muslims began to reunify

3: Trade in Europe increased (spread of money, tech, and info)

4: growth of money economy (contribute to 5th thing)

5: decline of serfdom

6: Monarchs gained strength bc of right to collect taxes to support Crusades (more money more power)

7: power of pope/Church increased (papacy)

8: exchange of knowledge and ideas (like medical knowledge and more important than goods and $)

9:experiences of crusades in Muslim world also introduced Europeans to new places

What did Venetian Marco Polo do?

explored China and returned home to write a book, his experiences and Crusades brought new knowledge and wider worldview to Europe

What was the Reconquista

Christian kingdoms in Spain started reconquest to get land back and expel Muslims living there since 700s

What did Isabella and Ferdinand do to help the Reconquista?

married and unified Spain, captured last Muslim stronghold, Granada, wanted to impose religious and political uniformity on diverse ppls (under Muslim rule, Spanish Christians, Jews, and muslims lived together), tried to purify land with Inquisition

What was the Inquisition?

put people on trial and then kicked them out

What happened as a result of the Inquisition/Reconquista?

more than 150,000 ppl, mainly Muslims and Jews, fled Spain and took their skills + learning/knowledge with them

What cities grew into the 1st medieval cities of Europe as annual fairs increased?

Italy and Flanders (2 ends of profitable north-south trade route)

What was a charters purpose?

to protect interests of merchants who asked local lord/king for charter

What were partnerships between merchants?

pooled money to finance large-scale ventures

how were the Crusades beneficial to Europe?

destructive but opened wider world to Europeans and increased pace of change

what happened at the first crusade?

1st: success for European crusaders who captured Jerusalem

what happened at the second crusade?

2nd: Jerusalem fell to Muslim leader Saladin

what happened at the third crusade?

3rd: Crusaders failed to take Jerusalem but Saladin agreed to reopen city of Christian pilgrims

what happened at the fourth crusade?

4th: knights fought other Christians to help Venice against Byzantine trade rivals

Byzantines lost control of trade and much wealth, Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul

what was allowed because of the Inquisition?

king/queen launched campaign against Muslims and Jews, those found guilty of heresy (beliefs against Christianity) burned at stake