designing and making principles

iterative design

repeatedly going through a cyclic design process

user-centred deign(UCD)

design for product users’ actual needs not the designer’s perception of them; concumers’ needs are prioritised at all stages of the process

methods to acieve UCD:

• ergonomic principles; ease of use and comfort

• anthropometric data; good fit

• focus groups; identify problems of excisting products

desinging to meet what needs?

• physical needs

• intellectual needs

• sociological needs

• emotional needs; likes/dislikes

primary investigative methods

direct research: market reasearch(questionnaires/surveys), interviews, focus groups, product analysis, anthopometric data and ergonomics

secondary investigative techniques

reasearch info gathered by others: from online sources/books

stages of development

1. sketch/model

2. specification criteria

3. selection by client/potential customers

4. aesthetics

5. tests and trials

6. scale + functioning models

7. dimentioned drawings for manufacture

stages of successful prototype

1. step-by-step plan of manufacture

2. hand,machine or rapid prototyiping methods

3. test +evaluate

4. iterative improvements

arts and crafts movement: 1850-1900

• influences:loss of traditional skills due to industrial revolution

• features/inspo: traditional skills + beautiful materials medival

• designers: william morris, charles voysey, richard norman shaw

art deco: 1925-1939

• influences/inspo:end of ww1, growth of mass production

• features: ziggurat, sunburst motifs, bold; modernism

• designers: clarice cliff, eileen gray, rene lalique

modernism; Bauhaus: 1919-1933

• influences/inspo: end of ww1;abolition of censorship, industial + started by german school

• features:’form follows function’, functional;designs rejected

• designers: marcel breuer, marianne brandt, mies van der rohe

post-modernism: memphis; 1981-1988

• influences/inspo: rebelling against functionality of modernism; italian

• features: playful, bright, anthropomorphic, random, non-traditional materials

• designers:Ettore sottsass, michele de lucchi

diteter rams: 10 principles of a good design

• innovative

• useful product

• aesthetic

• product understandable

• unobtrusive

• honest

• longevity

• thorough down to the last detail

• environmantally friendly

• as little design as possible

charles and ray eames

• who: american huband and wife, plywood moulded furniture, other materials

• lounge chair 670: ‘warm look’ industrial + hand productio, moulded plywood shell, leeather upholstery, rosewood veneer, comfortable

marc newson

• who:australian, ‘catwalk pieces’, rounded forms

• lockeed lounge: aircraft style, mercury, limited batch, look>function, sold for £2.4m

Marianne Brandt

• Who: Bauhaus student, commercially successful

• Tea infuser: functional+ ease, sold for $361,000

Socio-economics

How society and the economy interact to create particular circumstances

Rationing

The limitation of the availability of certain goods, usually in response to a shortage created by a war or other crisis

Post-first work war

• metal tubing instead replaced wood

• Tubular steel: didn’t suffer from inconsistent strength

• Entire chairs cld b made w/o requiring any traditional handcrafting skills

Second World War:

• rationing: ensure fair distribution of essentials

• Utility schemes: post-second world war basic products often rationed

Contemporary times

• council of industrial design: a post-second world war bridging organisation set up to improve design standards and competitiveness

technological developments

• Early 19th century: electrical batteries+circuits: lighting, motors

• Early 20th century: vacuum tube(thermionic wave): radios

• 1940s: transistor(semi-conductors): portable radios+reduction in size

• 1960s: microelectronics ic’s :more powerful computers + portable devices

• 1980s:Ultra large-scale ic’s : laptops +phones

• 2017: 1 billion + trasistor ic’s: supercomputers

Microelectronics :

miniature electronics devices and systems by the development of integrated circuit (ic)

the internet of things (loT)

networking of multiple microelectronics devices using wi-fi and the internet

new materials: glulam

layered tumber and glue

easy to form parts, good streangth +weigt ratio, sustainable

buildings and bridges

new materials: kevlar

fibre, sometimes combined with resins

very tough, tensile and light weight

bulletproof vests, aircraft construction

new materials: graphene

two-dimensional form of microscopic carbon particles

rolled into thin hollow tubes, tenile, hard//not recyclable

medical treatment, nanoelectronic devices

new materials: PMC

hand shaped: firing oven at 700

jewllery

new manufacture: electrohydraulic forming

metal forced against a former by a shockwave from an electric spark in a water tank

sustainability and ethic problems examples

metal ore extraction: minas gerais brazil

toxic chemicas: methyl isocyanate bhopal india

suicides in iphone factory china: working conditions

good ethical and sustainability practices:(in exam mention + n -)

FSC: sustainable timber use

ILO:ethical trading org

llabels:fair trade eg.

DDA: disability discrimination act

fairtrade

movement encouraging the ethical treatmet of farmers and workers in developing countries

stages of a product life cycle

1. introduction: launched w publicity

2. growth: product sales grow

3. maturity: peak sales

4. decline:those who wish to buy will have done so

5. extension: updated/improved version released to maintaian sales

demand pull

demand for desirable features by consumers

technology push

companies market new developments which are not always popular

planned obsolescence

products requiring replacement on a regular basis

evolution of products

gradual change due to new technologies, manufacturing methods and materials .etc.

design process

an organised way of designing and making a prototype of a product

specification

key criteria to be addressed when designing

SCAMPER

a technique to create new ideas based on elements of existing designs

critical analysis

an in-depth, research linked, objective study of elements of a design

product recall

removal from sale; return of products to manufacture for fault rectification

visual prototypes

sample or model that shows the overall shape and size of the product, but does not have any working parts

proof of concept prototype

shows the key functionality and main technical aspects of the design

production prototype

representation of how the mass-produced product would look and function

one off production

it is labour intensive and is primarily the domain of skilled craftsmen and manufacturers

batch production

manufacture of groups of products to increase efficiency and economy

mass production

making large numbers of products in highly mechanised factories

tolerance

acceptable upper and lower limits of accuracy of a measurement

datum:

reference surface or edge from which measurements are taken to improve

jigs

guide cutting tools

fixtures

hold work in place for processes

primary carbon footprint

measures direct emissions of co2, from the buring of fosil fuels, including transport and domestic energy consumption

secondary carbon footprint

measures indirect co2 from the products we use

circular economy

an approach that ancicipates and designs for biological and technical ‘nutrients’ to be contuniuously reused at the same quality, dramatically reducing the dependency on sourcing new materials

quality control

monitoring, checking and testing procedures used throughout production

quality assurance(qa)

procedures and policies which ensure that products meet specification criteria

TQM

Total Quality Management: a system to improve QA by harnessing the workforce expertise

scrum

the use of workforce teams to respond quickly to issues in product design and manufacture

six sigma

system for process iprovement to reduce defects to fewer than 3.4 in every million:

DMAIC: D-define issue requiring improvement, M-measure extent of issue, A-analyse where issues occured, I-improve: new rectification procedures, C-control modified procedures

Critical Path Analysis (CPA)

analysis of stages in a project to ensure time-efficient completion

Go/no go gauge

check a single measurement for tolerance range, easy to use

non-destructive testing

carried out on products rather than material samples.

British Standards Institution(BSI)

national org devises agreed standards procedures for performing a wide range of tasks: over 30,000 standards

International organisation for standardisation (ISO)

a federation of national standards institutions thdevise international standards to improve safety, productivity and reliability

Restriction of hazardous substances(RoHS)

directive to protect human health and the environment against hazardous substances in production processes

Waste from Electrical and electronic Equipment (WEEE)

a european directive covering the end of life of electrical and electronic equipment

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)

certification system for tmber products from sustainable sources