Phonics Proficiency Study Guide (Midterm)

Symbols to mark vowels

breve, macron, slash

breve

short vowel marking

macron

long vowel marking

slash

silent vowel marking

onset

initial consonant sound of a syllable

Rime

part of a syllable that contains the vowel and everything that follows it

short vowels

vowels that make their sound

long vowels

vowels that say their name

ex. Amy, ego, make, etc

Variant Vowels (definition)

neither a long nor short vowel sound

diphthongs (definition)

a single sound produced when two vowels are together

variant vowels (examples)

au, ōō, ŏŏ

diphthongs (examples)

oi, ou

vowel-r

when < r > changes the sound of the vowel it follows

unstable vowel digraph

when a vowel digraph does not represent one sound (ex: boa)

consonants

speech sounds made by restricting airflow with mouth, teeth, or lips

consonant digraphs

two or more letters that stand together and represent one sound

consonant blends

two or more letters that stand together and all represent their own sounds

silent consonants

two consonants in which only one sound is represented

short vowel markers (definition)

graphemes that are used after a short vowel at the end of the syllable

short vowel markers (examples)

-ff

-ss

-ll

-zz

-ck

-ng

-nk

-dge

-tch

hard c/g (definition)

when c or g is followed by a, o, or u, they make the sounds of /k/ or /g/

hard c/g (examples)

cat, coat, cut

gate, goal, guac

soft c/g (definition)

when c or g is followed by e, i, or y, they make the sounds of /s/ or /j/

soft c/g (examples)

race, city, cycle

germ, giant, gym

list of syllable types

closed, open, VCe, vowel team, vowel-r, consonant +le, other final stable

closed syllables

a single vowel followed by one or more consonants

open syllables

a single vowel that comes at the end of the syllable and makes a long vowel sound

VCe syllables

a vowel followed by a consonant and a silent < e >

vowel team syllables

2 or more vowels representing one sound

vowel-r syllables

1 or more vowels followed by an < r >

consonant +le syllables

a consonant followed by < le >

other final stable syllables (definition)

a syllable that makes one sound at the end of the word

other final stable syllables (examples)

-tion

-sion

-cian

-sure

-ture