AP Biology - Unit 2: Cells and Organelles (Overview)

cell theory

cell theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

What does L.U.C.A. stand for

Last Universal Common Ancestor

components of LUCA cell

RIbosome, Cell membrane, cell wall, glycoprotein, RNA

What cam after the LUCA cell

Bacteria

components of bacterial cell

Cell wall, cell membrane, ribosome, cilia/flagella, cytoplasm, DNA (circular), Plasmid (also DNA)

bacteria size

~1-10 micrometer

bacteria properties

no nucleus, uni-cellular

types of prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea

3 domains of cells

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes

eukaryote properties

has nucleus, membrane-bound organelles

4 types of eukaryotes

Animal, Plant, Fungi, Protist

Protist cell properties

uni-cellular, very diverse, predecessors of other cells

Fungi cell properties

multi-cellular, heterotrophic (eats things), non-mobile

plant cell properties

multi-cellular, photosynthetic, non-mobile, relies on diffusion

animal cell properties

multi-cellular, hetertrophic, mobile, no cell wall

whats the endosymbiosis theory?

The theory States that eukaryotic cells engulfed microbe and it formed mitochondria

plant cell structure

cell wall, cell membrane, vacule, chloroplast, cytoplasm, golgi body, lysosome, ER (rough and smooth), nucleus, free ribosome, proxisome

animal cell structure

cell membrane, cytoplasm, golgi body, lysosome, ER (rough and smooth), nucleus, free ribosome, proxisome, flagella, cytoskeleton

cell membrane components

phosolipids and proteins and cholesterol

Types of Trans-Membrane Proteins

glycoprotien, peripheral protien, receptor protein, channel proteins

peripheral protein function

moves around surface and triggers reactions

receptor protein functions

receives ligen (insulin, ect)

channel protein function

tubes that allow movement

cholesterol function in membrane

keeps it "fluid"/regulates structure

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane from low concentration to high concentration, without the use of energy by the cell

types of passive transport

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

simple diffusion

non-polar and lipid soluble substances diffuse directly through the lipid bi-layer

facilitated diffusion

polar molecules and ions impeded by the lipid bilayer of the membrane diffuse passively with the help of proteins channels that span the membrane

osmosis

diffusion of water

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane from low concentration to high concentration

types of active transport

sodium-potassium pump and vesicular transport

sodium-potassium pump

a protein channel that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell

vesicular transport

Transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes by engulfing in membrane (endocytosis/exocytosis)

Ficks law of diffusion, increased factors

temperature, SA, concentration of solute, solubility

ficks law of diffusion, decreased factors

molecular weight, volume/distance

two factors that cells regulate

Surface Area and volume

diffusion rate ratio

SA:V

osmosis

movement of H2O via protein channel

water potential

tendency of water to move from an area of low [H2O] to high [H2O] OR tendency of water to move from an area of less [polar solutes] to higher [polar solutes]

-tonic

concentration of solutes

iso-tonic solution

concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell is equal (middle picture)

Hypo-tonic

the concentration of solutes in greater inside the cell causing expansion (last picture)

Hyper-tonic

the concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell causing compression (first picture)

why does water move in/out of cell

bonding of water to solutes creates vacuum and water moves in/out

water potential equation

Ψ = Ψs + Ψp (Ψp only applicable to plant cells)

Ψs formula

iCR*T

i

ionization constant

C

concentration of solute (M)

R

pressure constant (0.0831 m/l)

T

temperature in kelvin

what is Ψp

reciprocal force to counteract the outside force ex: if outside Ψ is -3 and inside a plant cell Ψs = -5, Ψp is 2