cell theory
idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
What does L.U.C.A. stand for
Last Universal Common Ancestor
components of LUCA cell
RIbosome, Cell membrane, cell wall, glycoprotein, RNA
What cam after the LUCA cell
Bacteria
components of bacterial cell
Cell wall, cell membrane, ribosome, cilia/flagella, cytoplasm, DNA (circular), Plasmid (also DNA)
bacteria size
~1-10 micrometer
bacteria properties
no nucleus, uni-cellular
types of prokaryotes
Bacteria and Archaea
3 domains of cells
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes
eukaryote properties
has nucleus, membrane-bound organelles
4 types of eukaryotes
Animal, Plant, Fungi, Protist
Protist cell properties
uni-cellular, very diverse, predecessors of other cells
Fungi cell properties
multi-cellular, heterotrophic (eats things), non-mobile
plant cell properties
multi-cellular, photosynthetic, non-mobile, relies on diffusion
animal cell properties
multi-cellular, hetertrophic, mobile, no cell wall
whats the endosymbiosis theory?
The theory States that eukaryotic cells engulfed microbe and it formed mitochondria
plant cell structure
cell wall, cell membrane, vacule, chloroplast, cytoplasm, golgi body, lysosome, ER (rough and smooth), nucleus, free ribosome, proxisome
animal cell structure
cell membrane, cytoplasm, golgi body, lysosome, ER (rough and smooth), nucleus, free ribosome, proxisome, flagella, cytoskeleton
cell membrane components
phosolipids and proteins and cholesterol
Types of Trans-Membrane Proteins
glycoprotien, peripheral protien, receptor protein, channel proteins
peripheral protein function
moves around surface and triggers reactions
receptor protein functions
receives ligen (insulin, ect)
channel protein function
tubes that allow movement
cholesterol function in membrane
keeps it "fluid"/regulates structure
passive transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane from low concentration to high concentration, without the use of energy by the cell
types of passive transport
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
simple diffusion
non-polar and lipid soluble substances diffuse directly through the lipid bi-layer
facilitated diffusion
polar molecules and ions impeded by the lipid bilayer of the membrane diffuse passively with the help of proteins channels that span the membrane
osmosis
diffusion of water
active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane from low concentration to high concentration
types of active transport
sodium-potassium pump and vesicular transport
sodium-potassium pump
a protein channel that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell
vesicular transport
Transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes by engulfing in membrane (endocytosis/exocytosis)
Ficks law of diffusion, increased factors
temperature, SA, concentration of solute, solubility
ficks law of diffusion, decreased factors
molecular weight, volume/distance
two factors that cells regulate
Surface Area and volume
diffusion rate ratio
SA:V
osmosis
movement of H2O via protein channel
water potential
tendency of water to move from an area of low [H2O] to high [H2O] OR tendency of water to move from an area of less [polar solutes] to higher [polar solutes]
-tonic
concentration of solutes
iso-tonic solution
concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell is equal (middle picture)
Hypo-tonic
the concentration of solutes in greater inside the cell causing expansion (last picture)
Hyper-tonic
the concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell causing compression (first picture)
why does water move in/out of cell
bonding of water to solutes creates vacuum and water moves in/out
water potential equation
Ψ = Ψs + Ψp (Ψp only applicable to plant cells)
Ψs formula
iCR*T
i
ionization constant
C
concentration of solute (M)
R
pressure constant (0.0831 m/l)
T
temperature in kelvin
what is Ψp
reciprocal force to counteract the outside force ex: if outside Ψ is -3 and inside a plant cell Ψs = -5, Ψp is 2