Studied by 59 people
What is blood made of?
liquid CT (fluid CT)
Blood is
continuously regenerative
Arteries carry oxygenated blood
AWAY from the heart to the body
Arterial blood would be
bright red because it is carrying oxygenated blood
Veins carry deoxygenated blood
TOWARDS the heart
Blood carried through veins would be
blue/ dark red because it is deoxygenated
What is the composition of blood?
55% plasma
41% red blood cells (erythrocytes)
4% leukocytes (WBCs) and platelets
Blood functions in
transportation
regulation
protection
How is blood transported?
through veins, capillaries, and arteries
How does blood function in regulation?
Regulates hormones, temperature, pH, and fluid balance
How does blood function in protection?
blood clotting +
contains leukocytes, plasma proteins, and other molecules protecting against microbes.
What is the composition of plasma?
mostly water + plasma proteins and other solutes
Solutes in plasma
proteins- big molecules: albumin (60%), globulins (35%); antibodies or immunoglobulins, + transport proteins, fibrinogens (4%); function in blood clotting, other/ regulatory proteins (1%)
nutrients- water soluble vitamins B1-11
electrolytes- sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium
waste products
respiratory gases
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
vast majority of the cells in the blood
hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, oxygen
What is the life expectancy of RBCs?
120 days
RBCs function to
transport respiratory gases in the blood
Leukocytes (WBCs)
contribute to defending body against pathogens, infection, disease.
Leukocytes are
immune cells
Leukocytosis
high white blood cell count.
normal immune response.
Granulocytes
WBCs with secretory granules in its cytoplasm
What are the 3 granulocytes?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Neutrophils
most abundant type of granulocytes.
40-70% of WBCs in humans.
vital for protection against bacterial infection.
Eosinophils
immune cell that fight against parasites.
Basophils
have a low count in blood.
Agranulocytes
account for about 30% of all leukocytes and are produced either in the bone marrow or the lymphatic system.
Lymphocytes
a type of Agranulocyte.
large- natural killer cells
small- divided into B and T lymphocytes
Monocytes
a type of Agranulocyte.
once in tissue can become with macrophages and dendritic.
Thrombocytes
aka platelets.
absolutely essential in the process of blood clotting.
ABO blood group system is determined by
the red blood cell.
Antigen
anything a recipient will recognize as being a foreigner.
Immunoglobulin
aka antibodies.
M, IgM
Blood group Rhesus factor
either dominant (present) or recessive (absent) on the RBC.
Rh-, Rh+.
Chromosome
Rhesus factor is coded by a dominant gene.
A dominant gene is
one that would be expressed if present.
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
aka Eryhtroblastosis Fetalis.
Rh- mother, Rh+ father. Fetus Rh+.
Factor incompatibility- blood can mix during birth or at the end of pregnancy.
There are no naturally occurring antibodies to the Rhesus factor in the plasma.
When does the heart begin to develop?
in the third week of gestation; with the formation of two heart tubules.
Where does the heart develop/ form from?
the mesoderm in embryo.
The heart begins to beat on or around day
22
Cardiovascular system consists of
the heart and blood vessels.
Adequate perfusion is
the sufficient delivery of blood to maintain cells’ health.
Ventricules
inferior chambers that pump blood away.
located inferior to atria.
The left ventricle lining is
thicker than the right ventricle.
The interventricular septum
separates the right and left ventricles.
Why is the interventricular septum important?
it separates the ventricles to prevent oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing.
Aorta
receives oxygenated blood pumped from the left ventricle.
What kind of blood will you find in the aorta?
oxygenated
Oxygenated blood is received by the ____ pumped from the ____ ventricle.
aorta, left
The aorta is
the largest blood vessel in the body.
Heart valves
prevent back flow to ensure one way blood flow.
Valves on the left side of the blood
left atrioventricular valve (AV)/ bicuspid valve/ mitral valve.
aortic valve.
Pulmonary artery
carries blood AWAY from heart TO lungs for oxygenation.
Atria
superior chambers that receive blood and send it to ventricles.
Valves on the right side of the heart
right AV valve/ tricuspid valve.
pulmonary valve.
Vena cava/ right atrium
drain deoxygenated blood into right atrium.
Pulmonary circulation
transports blood from the right side of the heart to the alveoli of the lungs for gas exchange, and back to the left side of the heart.
Systematic circulation
transports blood from the left side of the heart to systematic cell of the body for nutrients and gas exchange, and back to the right side of the heart.
What is the first step of blood flow?
Blood enters through the superior/ inferior vena cava from the superior/ inferior parts of the body respectively.
Describe the process of blood flow
Blood enters through the superior/ inferior vena cava from the superior/ inferior parts of the body respectively > enters right atrium > flows through tricuspid/ right AV valve > into right ventricle > leaves right ventricle through pulmonary valve > deoxygenated blood to lungs where gas exchange occurs > pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood) > left atrium > left AV/ bicuspid/ mitral valve > left ventricle > put through aortic valve > into aorta > back to body/ system.
Tendinous cord/ chordae tendineae
holds AV valves in place while heart pumps blood.
Layers of the heart
pericardium, endocardium, myocardium
Heart conduction system
specialized cardiac muscle cells within the heart located internal to the endocardium
What happens in the cardiac circle?
atria contracts first, ventricles will contract from the bottom up
SA node (sinoatrial node)
generates an electrical signal that causes atria to contract.
pacemaker of the heart.
Heart electrical system
SA node generates an electrical stimulus. Atria are activated. Electrical stimulus travels down through conduction pathways and causes ventricles to contract and pump out blood.
AV node (atrioventricular node)
Collects signals from SA node. Serves as a gate that slows electric current before signal is permitted to pass down through to the ventricles.
Bundle of His
a group of fibers that carry electrical impulses from AV node to bundle branches.
Bundle branches
There are 2- left and right.
The bundle of His is divided into these two bundle branches.
Left bundle branch
conducts impulses to left ventricle
Right bundle branch
conducts electrical impulses to right ventricle
Purkinje fibers
Deliver electric signals to ventricles, making them contract.
Components of the heart electrical system
SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
Left and right bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Heart conduction system
Starts at SA node > action potential distributed through aorta > reaches AV node > action potential delayed at AV node (delay allows ventricles to fill before the contract) > action potential travels through AV bundle to Purkinje fibers (AV node > AV bundle > bundle branches > Purkinje fibers) > action potential spreads through ventricles (ventricles contract simultaneously)
P wave
atrial depolarization (contraction) originating in SA node
QRS complex
ventricular depolarization.
atria also simultaneously repolarizing.
T wave
ventricular depolarization (rest)
EKG segments
two segments between waves correspond to plateau phases of cardiac potentials (NO ELECTRICAL CHARGE)
P-Q segment
atrial cell’s plateau (atria are contracting)
S-T segment
ventricular plateau (ventricles contracting)
Atrial depolarization
P wave
Atrial plateau- muscle cells of atria contract and relax
PQ segment
Atrial depolarization
not visible on EKG
Ventricular depolarization
QRS wave
Ventricular plateau- ventricles contract and relax
ST segment
Ventricular depolarization
T wave
Bradycardia
Persistently low heart rate in adults (normal change in athletes).
Abnormal due to hypothyroidism, electrolyte imbalance, congestive heart failure
Bradycardia heart rate
below 60 beats/ minute
Tachycardia
Persistently high resting heart rate
Caused by heart disease, fever, anxiety
Tachycardia heart rate
over 100 beats/ minutes
Types of blood vessels
arteries
capillaries
veins
Arteries blood flow
Oxygenated blood away from heart > tissues
Do arteries contain a valve?
No. Blood moves by pressure of contraction of heart
Veins blood flow
From body toward the heart
Valves are present in most veins
True
Systematic veins
transport blood low in oxygen
Pulmonary veins
transport blood high in oxygen
Vessels are composed of layers called
tunica
tunica intima/ interna
innermost layer of blood vessel
tunica media
middle layer
thicker, muscular wall
mostly smooth muscle + elastic tissue
Vasucular endothelium
inner cellular lining of blood vessels.
in direct contact with blood.
inside lining of lumen.
allows for smooth blood flow.
increase diameter of artery to increase blood flow.
found in large arteries.
one cell thick- simple endothelium.
Vascular endothelium maintain
vascular homeostasis
Note 
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