Biology Lab Practical #2

meiosis

cellular reproduction

strawberry DNA lab - how was the DNA extracted

smash the berries in bag and add in DNA extraction buffer and alcohol to precipitate the DNA

strawberry lab - how did you take the DNA out of the cone?

use a small stick and gently twirled it up

what is this?

strawberry DNA with no stain

what is this?

strawberry DNA with stain

natural selection lab - what did we do

throw down sticks in grass and look for them

natural selection lab - what did we hypothesize?

that the sticks that were really dark would be easy to find

gel lab - what is the power supply

electrical current that passes through gel and allows DNA to move

gel lab - what is the gel box

plastic box that the gel is in and connects to power supply

gel lab - what is the buffer solution

electrolye solution that conducts electricity across the gel

gel lab - for DNA, what side do we set the combs in?

the negative side of the gel since DNA is charged and will go to the positive side

gel lab - the larger molecule substances will travel _____ comparatively to the smaller molecule substances

less

gel lab - what does it mean if something has traveled to the edge of the gel

it is the smallest molecule

gel lab - T.A.E. buffer solution stands for?

tris acetate edta soltution

gel lab - what is this?

micropipette

gel lab - what is this?

micropipette tips

gel lab - how can you tell if the power supply/set up is working properly once turned on?

the buffer begins to bubble

gel lab 1 - why is it important to place the wells in the center of the gel?

to allow for negative molecules to go towards the positive and vice versa

gel lab 1 - what is the purpose of the comb?

to make the wells to put the substance in

gel lab 1 - what are ways that can harm the micropipettor?

using wrong tip or letting liquid into barrel

gel lab 1 - what did we do? what did we put in the gels?

dye mixtures

gel lab 1 - what does it mean if bands were of the same color and were in the same place from the combs?

they came from the same dye

gel lab #2 - what did we do?? what did we put in the gels?

same DNA sample with different enzymes

gel lab 2 - what enzymes did we use?

BamHI, EcoRI, and HindIII

gel lab 2 - what was the control for this experiment

DNA with no enzyme

gel lab 2 - how can we make sure that we get all of the sample at the bottom of the tube?

spin in microfuge

gel lab 2 - how can we mix two solutions that are of very small quantities?

use microfuge

gel lab 2 - how long did we incubate DNA and enzyme for and at what temp?

45 minutes at 37 celsius

gel lab 2 - why did we add dye to the DNA samples?

without it, the samples would be clear and hard to monitor

gel lab 2 - what is special about the dye that we used for this lab?

can be exposed to UV light so we can see the bands

gel lab 2 - if a enzyme cut a DNA piece 4 times, how many pieces are made?

5

gel lab 3 - what did we do in this lab?

tried to identify crime scene DNA

gel lab 3 - what did we add to each DNA sample?

enzyme

gel lab 3 - why did we add enzyme to each DNA sample?

to see whether or not the DNA cut sites matched up

gel lab 3 - how did we stain the gel?

put it in dye and rinse with water

gel lab 3 - who was the culprit

suspect #3

last lab - what did we do?

put plasmid in DNA and put in agar plates with amp and no amp

last lab - what was the goal?

to see whether the DNA would take in the plasmid DNA and show it

last lab - how do we know that the DNA was taken in?

green proteins should be seen

last lab - in what case would there be no green proteins visible on the agar plate but should be there?

agar plate with plasmid and no amp

last lab - why is it that we cannot see the green proteins in the agar plate with plasmid and no amp?

there is no amp so the wild type bacteria grows over the green proteins since there is so much of it

last lab - what method did we use to get the plasmid dna into the bacteria?

heat shock

last lab - how can we make sure that the green proteins came from the plasmid?

take DNA from agar plate with green protein and the plate with amp and no growth and put into gel electrophoresis and look for any extra cuts on the green protein

last lab - what to do if see extra cut on green protein?

cut it out and send for sequencing to confirm that it is from plasmid

last lab - why do the green proteins have wild type colonies around it?

with the proteins comes the amp enzyme so where the protein is, the enzyme decreased the concentration of amp, allowing the wild type bacteria to survive

last lab - what bacteria did we use?

e coli

last lab - what did the agar plates have in them?

luria broth

last lab - what did we put into the tubes to help incubate the bacteria?

cold calcium chloride

gel lab 2 - why did the BAM enzyme not cut?

it denatured

gel lab 2 - name the enzymes from left to right

BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII

gel lab 2 - why do bacteria have restriction enzymes?

to cut dna infected by phages

gel lab 2 - how many cuts were made by BamHI?

4

gel lab 2 - how many cuts did HindIII make?

7

gel lab 2 - what is restriction mapping?

use bands to map out relative size of other bands

last lab - what is a marker gene?

a piece of DNA included on same plasmid as gene of interest

last lab - what is ampicillin?

antibiotic that kills bacteria

exp 13 - how many haploid cells come from meiosis of 1 diploid cell?

4

exp 13 - how many chromosomes are in each haploid (human) cell after meiosis?

23

exp 13 - homologous chromosomes

non identical chromosomes with different alleles for same genes

exp 13 - sister chromatids

copies of each of the 46 chromosomes

exp 13 - prophase 1

chromosomes condense and form tetrads

exp 13 - synaptomal complex

proteins between homologous chromosomes in tetrads

exp 13 - what is synapsis

chromosomes in tetrads cross over

exp 13 - what is chiasmata

points of cross over

exp 13 - recombination nodules

areas where they mediate DNA recombination

exp 13 - centromere

area where kinetochore latches on

exp 13 - kinetochore

protein that pulls chromosomes

exp 13 - at what stage do tetrads form?

after prophase 1

exp 13 - nondisjuction

separation of chromosomes goes wrong

exp 13 - do x and y chromosomes cross over?

no

exp 13 - what sex chromosomes can cross over?

x and x or y and y

exp 14 - law of segregation

paired genes must segregate equally into gametes

exp 14 - law of independent assortment

the passing of genes is not influenced by other genes

exp 14 - dihybrid cross

cross between two true breeding parents

exp 14 - character

characteristic of an organism

exp 14 - locus

area on chromosome where gene is found

exp 14 - genes

heritable information in form of nucleotides

exp 14 - incomplete dominance

heterozygote is intermediate between two homozygotes

exp 14 - codominance

both alleles are expressed

exp 14 - epistasis

one gene modifies other gene

exp 14 - traits on homologous chromosomes are _________

not inherited independently

exp 14 - how can you tell if a trait is recessive on a pedigree?

it skips a generation

exp 15 - dna is made of linked _____

nucleotides

exp 15 - dna must be separated from blood cells before it can be sequenced. This also helps in doing what?

purifying DNA in order to clone a gene

exp 15 - why add the extraction buffer to the smashed strawberry??

to dissolve the cell and nuclear membrane

gel lab 1 - what is gel electrophoresis used for?

separating molecules of different size and charge

gel lab 1 - what gel do we use for gel labs?

agarose gels

gel lab 1 - how do pcr and gel electrophoresis work together?(in case of paternity test)

pcr causes dna to repeat in a chosen area and then put through a gel to see whether or not the short tandem repeats of the father and child match

gel lab 1 - microsatellites are the same as _____

short tandem repeats

gel lab 2 - molecular cloning

reproduce fragments of genome

gel lab 2 - transgene

foreign DNA

gel lab 2 - restriction endonucleases

recognize sequences and cut them out as defense

gel lab 2 - plasmids with foreign dna inserted in them

recombinant dna molecules

gel la 2 - recombinant proteins

proteins made from recombinant dna

exp 20 - what does competent mean in relation to bacteria?

ability of bacteria to pick up dna from environment

exp 20 - transformation

new dna entering a cell

exp 20 - what was the gene of interest?

pgreen

exp 20 - how did the plasmid enter the cell?

heat shock

exp 20 - what is a marker gene

way to identify that gene of interest has entered cell and can grow