APUSH-unit 6

*Transcontinental Railroad*

*A railroad that stretched from the Atlantic to pacific to connect the north to the south.* 

*-this resulted in increased profits as goods could be transferred over a wider area, and it also resulted in more migration as they could move people. It was largely successful but led to conflicts with resistant natives as they built the railroad and increased competition with European powers.* 

*William Seward*

*-The man who would introduce the idea of expanding in Asia. He was also the secretary of state. His goals in expanding to Asia was to expand commerce, force trade partnerships, approve missionaries in China, and make a deal to get Alaska from Russia.* 

*-Important as it fostered trade relationships outside of Europe and gave America access to many important asian goods.* 

*Munn v. Illinois, 1877*

*-a supreme court decision that gave the government the power to be able to regulate private industries such as railroads, elevators, etc.* 

*-gave the government a larger and more prominent role in industrialization and gave them power over the once private industries of the united states.* 

*“Crime of ‘73”*

*The United States, after being worried about an influx of silver, switched to what was known as the gold standard where currency was backed by gold in vaults.  (a law that was passed switching it from the bimetallic system to the gold)* 

*-limited the United States money supply (limited amount of money in circulation), easier to exchange u.s bonds and currency for gold (encourage more European investors), and removed greenbacks from the system.* 

*Morrill Act*

*-set aside 140 million acres of land to sell and raise money for land grant colleges.*

*-expanded educational opportunities largely related to technology and science. Created hundreds of universities throughout the United states.* 

*Homestead Act*

*-promised 160 acres of empty  land for free to residents on the condition that the occupants would actually occupy and improve the property.* 

*-motivated people to move west and develop the land that was previously uninhabited.*

*Comstock Lode*

*-Silver became popular in Nevada and as a result of the comstock load that was found in 1859. It was a large silver deposit that was found. Prospectors were given permission to work the land but were charged $5 per acre as it was federal property.* 

*-brought immigrants from eastern asia and mexico who were looking for better lives in the united states. Expanded the mining industry which helped to create mining hotspots and improve equipment.* 

*Open Range/Long Drive-*

*-the idea of recruiting cowboys to herd cattle north to railroads after farmers realized that cattle was worth more money in other places like Kansas and the midwest.* 

*-created the idea of the wild west. Very beneficial to expanding the cattle trade and many southern cattle farms until a downfall came in 1866 when a blizzard and a drought killed a lot of the cattle resulting in the end of this practice.* 

*Homesteaders/Exodusters*

*-Homesteaders was the name for people moving westward(to the great plains) to better themselves economically. The Exodusters were 6,000 newly freed blacks who left from MIssissippi and Louisiana to escape poverty and violence. All went to kansas.* 

*-People found the land to be very fertile and cattle techniques formed after 1866 helped to contain roaming cattle. Wheat grew well in the western land. This would lead to growth in new farming technologies. Homesteaders also brought many women west and 5-20% of the land claims in north dakota were made by single women.* 

*Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints*

*-also known as Mormons, they clashed with what the republicans thought western expansion would look like. Women were a central part of the Mormon religion. The homesteaders also continued to bring Mormons west.*

*With the movement of more Mormons into Utah, women eventually gained the right to vote due to Mormon pressure.* 

*Yellowstone National Park*

*-The first national park formed in the United States was created out of federal fear that all the land would be overdeveloped. The park formed in Yellowstone Valley, Wyoming in 1872 on 2 million acres of land.* 

*-influential as it led to other parks forming, and created effects such as increased transportation to the area, protection of wildlife, and native american resistance.* 

*Sand Creek Massacre, 1864*

*-a native cheyenne settlement which was told that they would be safe from incursion. However, a general led his militia into the camp when the men were out hunting. They killed around 230 women, children, and elderly. They were rounded up, beaten, and shot to death. Their scalps and genitals were hung as trophies in denver.* 

*-showed how the natives were not seen as people to many white generals but as targets to be removed from america. One of the many actions of native hate.* 

*Battle of Little Bighorn, 1876*

*-An attempt made by the government to end native resistance. The army attempted to attack Sitting Bull's  camp (after resistance from trying to move them into reservations to access gold), but ended up getting decimated by Natives. The battle was conveyed by the press as justified as they tried to overtake the natives and force them into reservations.* 

*-Ultimately the government  was able to take over the west and  force natives into reservations taking control of the west. The battle was the final real attack by the United States before they prevailed and won the west.* 

*Dawes Severalty Act, 1887*

*-As assimilation schools became less popular Henry L. Dawes began to look for a better solution. The act was then passed which originally was going to push natives onto individual homesteads instead of reservations. This was believed to help them assimilate.* 

*-The plan failed miserably because white farmers convinced the government to sell them any land that was not being used so it left little land for the native americans, the bureau of indian affairs loosely implemented the law, most of the land given to the natives was lost due to fraud or was bought by white farmers. The act did create the state of Oklahoma.* 

*Battle of Wounded Knee, 1890*

*-After the ghost dance movement scared white Americans in the United States, the US government led a massacre of the Lakota Sioux ghost dancers.* 

*-White ignorance, fear, and misunderstanding of native culture created a stigma that the existence of native religion would lead to war.* 

*Black Elk*

*-A Sioux man who joined Bill’s operations. He performed and toured with his company.* 

*-His words and speeches were very influential and showed how the Natives and white people could collaborate, even if it was to the white people’s advantage.* 

*Ghost Dance Movement*

*-an example of blending native and and christian cultures. The movement's purpose was to resurrect the bison and call a great storm to move the white Americans back across the Atlantic using dance traditions.* 

*-Banded the natives together across differing cultures and created unity between them. The ghost dance movement did spark the battle of wounded knees.* 

*Buffalo Bill Cody*

*-Was one of the most influential myth makers of the south. His goal was to represent the southern frontier experience by providing natives with one of the only job opportunities. Some natives signed with him and gave them an opportunity to ride for audiences, chasing buffalo, killing U.S soldiers and having pioneer wagons in the background.* 

*-was very influential to how people saw the natives. It was a relatively controversial show and degraded natives. He also invented the idea of the wild west with his shows.* 

The gilded age

A time period in the U.S (1870ish-1910) characterized by a greatly expanding economy and the emergence of power and wealth that began to assert influence over government and society.

Railroads

The first aspect of big business, monopolized by Vanderbilt. In 1890 revenues were 1 billion. The government profited 403 million which helped the endorsement from the government. They caused the development of time zones and helped to develop the use of telegraphs and expanding communication. Stonger steel also helped to create more dependable cars(Bessemer Process).

George Westinghouse

develops the airbrake system that stopped each car simultaneously. Made railroad travel safer. Helped to avoid run away trains.

George Pullman

* developed the sleeping car for railroads.

Western Union telegraph wires

Ran along railroad tracks. Helped to make communication more efficient on and off the tracks.

Trust

a small group of business owners comes together to manage one large combined company together. (board of trustees rules it). Had a less negative connotation than a monopoly.

Monopoly

When one company eliminates competition and its the only option in the industry/market. (ended up having a much more negative connotation as many used corrupt and hurtful techniques to achieve the monopoly and it also amassed a large amount of wealth.

Vertical integration

A company controls all phases of production.

Horizontal integration

competitors in an industry are driven out of business and forced to join with a larger company. Creates monopolies.

rebate system

Railroads (in an attempt to gain customers) would give secret ______ (coupons) to corporation who shipped goods in bulk. (Vanderbilt did this). Tried to get loyal customers who would stick with the railroad line.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

First to create the blue print for big business. He used the rebate system to do so. Ruled the railroad industry.

Social Darwinism

Term that used Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution and applied it to economic and social affairs. (The fittest survive). The people who are meant to rule in the economy will.

Laissez-Faire

Abstention by the government from interfering in the workings of the free market (in most cases). ie. no government interference in the economy. Gave big business the go ahead to do pretty much whatever they wanted. Nothing protects the laborer or the consumer.

Robber Baron

A business leader who became rich through ruthless and unscrupulous business practices. Despite immense growth and advancements in their fields, the good does not outweigh the bad perpetuated by this individual.

Captain of industry

A business leader whose means of amassing a personal fortune contributed positively to the country in some way. This may have been through increased productivity, expansion of markets, providing more jobs, or acts of philanthropy.

National labor union

1866-first national labor federation. Brought unskilled and skilled workers together. Demanded an 8-hour work day. Ended in 1873

Knights of labor

1869-inclusive of skilled and unskilled workers as well as women and African Americans. Membership dropped in 1866 following the Haymarket square riot.

American Federation of labor

1886-one of the most powerful unions. Limited to skilled workers. Sought 8-hour work day, higher wages, and better working conditions.

Pinkerton national detective agency

An independent and private security guard that was regularly hired by companies to deal with striking workers.

Great Railroad Strike

1877-in response to wage cuts. Ended in violence with the national guard firing into the crowd.

Homestead Strike

1892-in response to wage cuts. Ended in violence between the homestead workers and the Pinkerton Detectives hired by Henry Frick.

Pullman strike

In response to wage cuts. President Cleveland ordered a court injunction and sent federal troops in. Argued it interfered with delivery of mail.

court injunctions

a court order to stop a strike

Black lists

marked as pro-union so employees could avoid hiring you.

yellow dog contracts

forced to give up labor union membership in order to secure the job

Angel island

On the west coast. Processes many of the Chinese and Asian immigrants coming into america.

Old immigrants

1840s-1880s. Northern and western europe (united kingdom, france, ireland, Germany, scandinavia, China). Usually came as a family. Were skilled or semi skilled workers. They wanted to stay forever and adapt to American culture. People immigrated when they had enough money/wealth to move the entire family. Or, there was no money or family there so everyone came.

New immigrants

1890s-1910s. Southern and Eastern Europe. (Italy, Russia, Greece etc). Usually young, single males(at first). Usually wanted to only stay temporarily to take advantage of opportunities. “Birds of passage”. People would migrate for a short period of time to take advantage of the economic opportunity.

Enthic Encalves

Areas within urban centers where many immigrants settled together. Were created in an effort to maintain their cultures. (as new immigrants intended to only be there temporarily. Most people were unskilled immigrants from the lowest classes of European society.

Xenophobia

Anti-immigration sentiments. Planted by the know-nothing party which grew as immigration increased. A disdain for cultures that are not yours.

Gentlemen’s Agreement 1907

Agreement between US and Japan, US would not formally limit immigration, Japan would limit passports to US emigrants. US becomes the Japanese teacher about how to grow as a country. Japan still wanted immigration to occur. It also strengthened the trade relationship between the US and Japan but also caused racial tensions and immigrants came.

Literacy tests

New immigrants had to read or write a language. Could be any language, just had to be literate.

*John D. Rockefeller*

*-The ‘king’ of petroleum. He was a strong willed man who during the civil war hired someone to fight for him.  He was a genius in finance. He went for the kerosene business and his company the Standard Oil of Ohio became Cleveland's leading refiner.* 

*-He succeeded by using vertical integration and created horizontal integration. He worked to change the face of the oil company and make it more predictable while also developing a vast distribution network. Horizontal integration allowed for him to expand and take over most of the oil industry.* 

*Andrew Carnegie*

*-A man who “exemplified” American success. He became his own iron manufacturer and with his help the United States became a major steel manufacturer. He created a great company, but eventually withdrew when he found out the power of machines and how the union was too expensive.* 

*-Was an important leading businessman. He helped to build the steel industry and greatly contributed to the American monopolistic ideals of the elite.*

*Thomas Edison*

*-An American inventor who was able to avoid the massive corporations. He was an entrepreneur who focused on commercial success (like most others). He helped to create and market lucrative products such as the lightbulb and the phonograph which were widely used in homes. He marketed to a wide range of people (for instance his moving pictures(so the start of movies) first gained popularity from the urban working class).* 

*-He was important as his inventions paved the way to other electronic inventions and the lightbulb allowed for large changes in the workplace. His entrepreneurship also helped to form the commercial success of those products.* 

*J.P. Morgan*

*-An American monopolist who worked in banking. He dominated corporate america on wall street throughout the gilded age. He built one of the largest and most dynamic American industries in the years after the civil war. He donated millions to charities and public institutions like art museums when he died.* 

*-He helped to establish many companies with helping with finances and created a relatively unchecked banking system which allowed him to get away with many different things. He did help many companies dominate the economy nevertheless.* 

*Scientific Management*

*-used to hopefully cut costs through industrial efficiency. Invented by Frederick W. Taylor suggested that employers eliminate all brain work from manual labor, hiring experts to develop rules for the shop floor. It means that workers were instructed not to ask questions or make suggestions.* 

*-Was used in many different variations from the most extreme(timing workers and having them reach those time stamps) to the less extreme. Was not a success. Implementing it was expensive and workers were stubborn and resisted. The method was used in bits and pieces to give management the most power which created an even greater gap between management and the blue collar workforce.* 

*Ellis Island*

*-a receiving station in new york for immigrants, specifically those from western europe. Many who came through _____ ______ were poor farmers who suffered in european commercialization, famine, or poverty.*  

*-helped in aiding many people into America. Provided legal status for many immigrants and became a landmark in the processing of people.* 

*Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882*

*-After mass amounts of tension congress passed the act which specifically barred chinese laborers from entering the united states.* 

*-each consecutive year, the act was renewed and the provisions were tightened. (it would not end until 1943). The exclusion also barred women which caused many laboring men to be separated from thier wives splitting families. This was combated by many Chinese and later Japanese in supreme court. Formed the legal basis for other far reaching excursion policies. The act eventually caused chinese to be americaś first illegal immigrants.* 

*Labor Unions*

*-Unions such as the grangers, greenbacks, machinists, and knights were formed in order to get more equality in the workforce and give laborers rights and say within the economies they worked in. Many unions were characterized by violence while others encouraged proper channels of attempting change. Most people in this organization got better wages, hours, and working conditions.* 

*-labor unions were hated by employers. Many would end as a result of violence and people in labor unions had a hard time coming across jobs as many employers would not hire someone in a labor union. Many were arrested and overall many of the unions of this time period proved to be unsuccessful to a greater extent.* 

*Granger Laws*

*-pressure surrounding the printing of more greenbacks triggered this wave of economic regulation. 29 states created railroad commissions to supervise railroad rates and policies, other states created ways to regulate insurance and utility companies to keep things standardized*

*-these early regulatory efforts didn;t always work, but they paved the way for big business regulation in the future to avoid unfair wages and corruption.*

*Haymarket Square Riot, 1886*

*-After a protest at the McCormick Reaper works in chicago that left 4 strikers dead, a protest meeting was called at haymarket square the next day. When the police tried to disperse the crowd, a bomb was thrown killing several policemen. This bombing was responded to with open gunfire. 8 people were found guilty of their crimes, of those 4 were executed, one commited suicide, and the rest served lengthy prison sentenses.* 

*-The violence heavily damaged the American labor unions. Employers used the hysteria to take the offensive by stopping strikes with mass arrests, tried many Knights in court, and forced employees to sign contracts saying that they would not join any labor unions.* 

*Interstate Commerce*

*-The trade of goods to other states. This was done by using things like railroads, which were later regulated by different organizations such as the interstate commerce commission. They investigated things like shipping between states and suing in court when people used unjust rates.* 

*-helped to move more goods between states and oversee private business. They would eventually be heavily regulated and change the way that corporations had to operate when shipping goods between states.*  

*Closed Shop*

*-a system created by labor unions where all jobs within a certain business were reserved for union members that kept out lower wage workers. The rules specified terms of work, sometimes very intensely. For dangerous jobs, finds were pooled to contribute to death benefits.* 

*-Helped to assert the place of unions in the work force and move toward proper decision making in the workforce. Also created a safe place for union workers when most of the time lots who did not support the union wouldn’t hire them.* 

*Samuel Gompers*

*-Led the American Federation of labor. He was an immigrant Dutch Jewish cigar maker. He started the AFL as he believed that the knight relied too much on electoral policies which limited thier success. He started working at the age of 10. After working for so long, he participated in lively debates that helped to get working men rights. He created the idea of pure and simple unionism. Pure referred to being a member, and simply  referred to goals. The aim was collective bargaining with employees rather than turning to politics.* 

*-The strategies that Gromper’s was able to create with the AFL was extremely helpful for uniting union workers and creating a society for skilled workers to get justice in the labor system. His theories and 40 years as president of the AFL helped to transform the working society and American life.* 

*YMCA*

*Young Men’s Christian Association. One of the most successful and ealierest promoters of fitness. The group promoted musical christianity combining religion and gyms with athletic families so men could make themselves clean and strong. After 1900 the YMCA fostered an industrial program.* 

*-Many hoped that the YMCA would foster a loyal and contented workforce(specifically railroad workers). Eventually the YMCA became a site of negotiation. Eventually theY became a place where people could play cards and smoke. Also, to combat the tensions formed from that, the YMCA leaders created indoor basketball and volleyball so there could be winter sports.* 

*John Muir*

*A deeply religious man who fell in love in the wilderness and became one of the most famous voices for its avocation.  He founded the Sierra Club in 1892. In that club, people dedicated themselves to connecting to nature and enjoying America’s great mountains.* 

*-Because of groups like this, national and state governments set aside more public lands for preservation and recreation. The United States vastly expanded thier park system, even into national forests.* 

*National Audubon Society*

*-Worked to protect wildlife in the expanding American nation. Named after antebellum naturalist John James Auduban. The society worked to save animals, specifically birds that were being slaughtered in large numbers for plumes for hats.* 

*-helped to regulate hunting of animals and bring awareness to the semi-destructive practices of the time period. It was an attempt to stop extinction that was semi-successful.* 

*Elizabeth Cady Stanton*

*-Womens rights activist. She rejected the claim that women do not need rights because they enjoyed the comfort of thier husbands. Women, affected by the growing social effects of industrialization, sought to address alcoholism, poverty, and other social and economic issues that they faced at home. Stanton took advantage of that to help collect the women.*

*-She was influential as her work in women's activism led to more suffrage groups and various associations that helped women gain voting rights and more autonomy outside of the home.*

*Booker T. Washington*

*-Created one of the most famous education projects in the south. He taught and exemplified the idea of self-help. Because of the deep poverty that many african americans lived in he realized that book education would be a waste of time so he came up with the idea of industrial education. He made sure that people could make a living off of what he was teaching.* 

*-His work sent men into manual labor and women into nursing and teaching. HIs points of view on race were a little controversial to many white people, but his overall goal was to work for higher intelligence and development for all. He became the most prominent black leader of his generation.* 

*Women’s Christian Temperance Union*

*-Founded in 1874 after being prompted by the want to curb alcohol use. More than any other group of the century the WCTU launched women into reform. Many used stories and experiences of being abused wives and children who suffered from the effects of alcoholism. The movement also confronted things like poverty, hunger, unemployment, and other problems that came with industrialization.* 

*-The first program to identify and combat domestic violence. The activism of the group led to a rise in questions about the shape of industrial society. Across the U.S they were able to get soup kitchens, free libraries, and eventually bring kindergarten to the United states. Their group influences the formation of other similar groups leading to prohibition after WWI.* 

*Charles Darwin*

*-Wrote the famous book On the Origin of Species. He argued that all creatures struggled to survive, which introduced the idea of natural selection. He disagreed with the word evolution and thought that species changed randomly.* 

*-His original scientific thoughts are still used today in science and are incredibly influential to how evolution is viewed and also how society is shaped regarding societal structures.* 

*Realism*

*-American authors rejected the ideas of romanticism and sentimentality for _______. William Dean Howells called for writers to display real and daily life.  People moved past happy endings and displayed reality.* 

*-Influenced the younger generation in books like Main-Traveled roads which was directly based on the life of a midwestern farm family. People like Stephen Crane wrote Maggie: A Girl of The Streets which talked about the seduction, abandonment and death of a slum girl. It was an unattractive book and publishers would not touch it. Some people thought that realism didn’t go far enough to overturn sentimentalism which led to other forms of writing and life to be portrayed.* 

*Modernism*

*-realist and naturalist writers laid the groundwork for _________. It rejected the traditional canons of literary taste. Modernists questioned progress and order and focused on the subconscious and primitive mind. Most of all people wanted to overturn convention and tradition. Many in the field were men who were working to assert thier masculinity.* 

*-Was the first great literary and artistic movement of the twentieth century. People set out to paint more daily life and turn to new means to photograph different things  in new ways. The most famous of the time was the Armory show. Some people called the new art total destruction of the art of painting but eventually it would gain lots of praise.* 

*Mutual Aid Societies*

*By 1903, after lots of migration to Chicago, there was a creation of 66 of these societies. They were mostly people of a certain province or town. These societies collected dues from members and paid support in the event of death or disability on the job. The societies also served the purpose of brotherly clubs that fostered relationships between people in a time of nativism.* 

*-This prompted many ethnic neighborhoods as people congregated due to discrimination and the desire to stick together. They helped to support many of the dangerous jobs that many immigrants and others in those communities took over.* 

*Dumbbell Tenements* 

*-Buildings that cram more than 20 families in cramped apartments.* 

*-Many tenaments festered disease and the conditions in them caused  horrific infant death rates. I law would eventually be enacted in 1901 that would require interior courts, indoor toilets, and fire safe structures. Showed the consequences of economic development as more appeared as people could not afford to live far away from thier jobs.*  

*Vaudeville*

*-A theater that attracted many city goers that arose in the 1880s and 90s. Customers could walk in at any time and see a continuous number of musical acts, skits, magic shows, and other entertainment. Was initially most interesting to the working class but it would quickly appeal to the middle class as well.* 

*-The end of the vaudeville theater would eventually fall subject to the growing industries of movies that people could get into with a nickel and other cheap forms of entertainment along with new attractions like amusement parks.* 

*Ragtime*

*-Gave African American stars popularity. Was a type of music named for its ragged rhythm, steady beat in the bass, and an off beat rhythm played in the treble. The music became popular with audiences of all classes who heard the “infectious” rhythms. Was largely different from the Victorian hymns and parlor songs.* 

*-Many young Americans embraced the style of music. Ragtime ushered a large urban dance craze and many dance halls were built throughout places like New York, Chicago, and Kansas City. Helped to move black music into the wider American culture. The music would influence people like Irving Berlin who took the music inspirations into musical theater.* 

*Scott Joplin*

*-The master of the genre of Ragtime. He was a son of former slaves who grew up on the Texas Arkansas border and took lessons on piano from a German teacher. He and other traveling performers took Ragtime to the World Fair. He did it seaking a wider audience for African American music.* 

*-One of the most influential artists who created Ragtime music. He did succeed in getting young people to listen to his music and his music helped to move African American music into the popular culture of America.* 

*Joseph Pulitzer*

*-was a newspaper publisher. He built his sales base with sensational investigations, human-interest stories, and sections covering sports and high society. Many of his articles covered sensational events that would create social pressure leading to things like the spanish-american war. He believed that papers should challenge the powerfu;l by speaking to and for ordinary americans.* 

*-Pushed to expose those who were a part of the corrupt higher economic classes and wanted to promote the voices of typical people. His work was very influential to influencing and sharing information to the ordinary people of the time period.* 

*William Randolph Hearst*

*-another newspaper publisher during the time. Him and Pulitezer’s sensational coverage was irresponsible and eventually would lead to coverage that would pressure society into going to war. He believed that papers should challenge the powerfu;l by speaking to and for ordinary americans.* 

*-The newspapers of his helped to promote reform and lots of the coverage was sensational at the time and helped to spread information to ordinary people and lift the voices of those ordinary citizens up.* 

*Tammany Hall*

*-Political machines began to develop after a need for local parties to keep a grip on elections and appointed private offices. This was one of them located in New York, named after the hall where they met.. It consisted of many layers of political functionalities. At the bottom were precinct captains who knew every city neighborhood and block, above that were the ward bosses, and at the top the most powerful citywide leaders who had started at the bottom and worked thier way up.* 

*-Machines like this one dispensed jobs, arranged for urban services, and worked to keep themselves in office with the strength of the popularity in the urban center and among voters. They also acted as a ready social service agency to help the jobless find jobs and bereaved families. They could also bring levels of corruption as people would provide gifts and bribes and other acts of service in order to keep people on their side. Public projects did prosper under machines along with cities making large improvements in a shorter amount of time.* 

*William Marcy “Boss” Tweed*

*-He was the political boss of Tammany Hall. He played a major role in controlling politics in New York city and in New York state and helped to move Irish immigrants up in government roles. He was a corrupt leader who, through his stunt of power in the machine, managed to steal millions of dollars.* 

*-Helped in the corrupt nature of building Tammany hall and showed how the political machines could prove to benefit the people in it more than the cities and people they were trying to help.* 

*Progressivism*

*An overlapping set of movements to combat the ill parts of industrialization which had made its way throughout many families within the urban city. In slums and tenements, reformers created new forms of civic action that would shape the course of national politics.* 

*-Helped to improve city life and brought more awareness to how things like housing and public health could improve the quality of life in cities. Would lead to the progressive era as many different issues were brought into the limelight all at the same time as people moved to more progressive attitudes.* 

__*How The Other Half Lives*__

*-A famous book written and photographed by Jacob Riis. He photographed the tenement interiors and published them in his book.* 

*-RIib’s book had a profound impact on Theodore Roosevelt when the future president worked in the New York police department. Roosevelt asked Riss to give his tours of the tenements in order to help him better understand the problems of poverty, disease, and crime. His work helped to show how others were living and bring attempted reform to the area to improve city life.* 

*“City Beautiful” Movement*

*-Arrose with the goal of encouraging more and better urban park spaces. People in cities wanted a place where they could stroll, rest, and admire the landscape of the city.* 

*-While flower linden gardens and paths still existed, things like skating rinks, tennis courts, baseball fields, and swimming pools started to appear throughout cities. Many also had playgrounds, swings, and seesaws in order to give children a place in the urban areas.* 

*Jane Addams/Hull House*

*-The Hull House was created as a social settlement in order to support the less wealthy urban workers. Was founded by both Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Star. Was built in their dilapidated mansion on the west side of Chicago and proved as a catalyst for community improvement and political reform. The house was first intended by Addams to provide art classes and other cultural programs to the less fortunate. But, during the depression of the 1890s the Hull house struggled to stay open. Eventually, the Hull house would offer a bathhouse, playground, kindergarten, and daycare center.* 

*-Addams and the Hull House would turn to measures to make life easier for women and work to improve things like health in the tenements. She has people inspecting the neighborhoods to find any safety violations and could together rally and go to the city was a complaint. Allowed women to join together to deal with a variety of injustices including but not limited to health threats at factories, jail for teenagers, fighting for birthcontrol and safer childbearing practices, social work, charity, and more.* 

__*The Jungle*__

*-A book written by Upton Sinclair that exposed the most extreme forms of labor exploitation. The book described the appalling conditions in Chicago meat packing plants.* 

*-People caught onto the inscriptions of rotting meat and filthy packing conditions. In response, the pure food and drink act was passed to oversee compliance with the new law. The impact of the book showed how urban reformers could in turn affect national politics.* 

*Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire*

*-Happened in New York city on march 25th 1911. Just before the end of the work day a fire broke out at the factory. It quickly spread through the 3 floors that the company occupied at the top of the 10 story building. Panicked workers moved to the exits only to find out that they had been locked in (in a previous attempt to avoid theft). Dozens of workers were trapped in the flames, mostly young immigrant women. Many leapt to their death and the rest didn’t live to reach the windows. 146 people died, the average age of those being 16.* 

*-In response, New Yorkers with an outpouring of anger and grief that spread through ethnic and religious lines. Earlier that year, workers of the company had protested due to unsafe working conditions. In response, a large labor reform effort was done. 56 laws were created to deal with issues like fire safety, unsafe machines, children, wages, and working hours.* 

*Sweatshops*

*Places of work with crowded, unsafe, and socially unacceptable working conditions. Places like the Shirtwaist factory.*

*-After the tragedy at the factory, many laws were put into place to improve working conditions that would create a sweatshop environment. It initiated broader movements for reform. Reforms of sweatshops would also benefit the large immigrant population that found work in many of them.* 

*Waving the Bloody Shirt”*

*-A term used by critics to tell many politicians to stop bringing up old hostilities that people were ready to move on from. Came about through a fierce fight for advantage in the government between republicans and democrats.* 

*-For many who had lost family in the war or were struggling with African American rights in the south, war issues were still crucial and brought up those old hostilities that they felt were still relevant.* 

*The Pendleton Act*

*-In the wake of president Garfeilds death congress passed the act which was a nonpartisan(not biased toward any group) civil service commission to fill federal jobs by  investigation and proficiency.* 

*-the civil service would eventually be applied to most federal positions and cities and states would also enact similar bills. It did create a bias to employ middle class men  who could do well on tests. It helped put more educated people in government and limited politicians from putting just anyone in government as a push for thier party.* 

*Mugwumps*

*-A name for liberal republicans. It means fence sitters who had their mugs on one side and wumps on the other. They were people who were intensely opposed to governmental corruption. They would help to put Democrat Grover Cleveland into government.* 

*-Their legacy was that they helped to put many people into government. They never really organized a party, but they did advocate for smaller government control that benefited all the different people.* 

*Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890*

*-The first federal attempt to stop any constraints or resistance to trade. This was in response to many interstate commerce acts which would limit trade. It was a supreme court decision and would stop a combination into a monopoly or trust that would limit trade.* 

*-The bill would eventually lead to the end and government regulation of many big monopolies to give the government more power and monopolies less power. Would change the economy to help benefit the worker.* 

*Populism*

*-A type of political stance that focuses on the people and has often gone against the elite. Populism would eventually create the people’s party. The populists would eventually split from the mainstream parties and they called for a stronger government to protect the ordinary workers.* 

*-They represented an uprising of ordinary farmers who were looking to get rights for ordinary people. People thought that populists were radical republicans in disguise., and republicans claimed they were confederates in disguise. They were able to win the most support from farmers, steelworkers, and miners and less support from industrialists. Prosperous Americans feared the concept of populism as they would lose some of thier wealth.* 

*Omaha Platform, 1892*

*-Declared by the populist party that the power of the government (so the people) should be expanded to end the oppression, injustice and poverty of ordinary people.* 

*-The populists on this platform called for public ownership of railroads and telegraph systems, protection of land from monopolies and foreign ownership, a federal income tax on the rich, and a policy to help borrowers.* 

*Red Scare”*

*A time period during the depression where prosperous Americans were scared of the idea of populism and were even more scared of workers embracing socialism and marxism.* 

*-People fear protests of the far left in fear that a workers' revolt may lead to more violence. It also led to a fear of the United States and other areas that influenced it turning to communism. This would result in practices to help keep capitalist society. This term would be used many times throughout history.* 

*Coxey’s Army*

*-A group of unemployed men assembled by Jacob Coxey to march Washington peacefully to appeal for a program of the government employing these men to fix the railroads.*  

*-Because of this action, people viewed Coxey as a dangerous extremist. Inspired by Coxey, many more protesters set off from different cities and marched east. They found support in many populist leaning towns. Other towns met them with threats at gunpoint. When they got to Washington, Coxey himself was jailed, and the main goal of getting the workers employed failed.*

*Free Silver*

*-In the face of trying to cope with the harsh depression people started to advocate for ___ ______ (free, because under the plan, there would not be a charge processing money). They believed that the policy would encourage borrowing and stimulate industry again.* 

*-President Cleveland did cling to the gold standard and he believed that however dire things became, sticking to the country's gold reserve would be the best idea.* 

*The “Solid South”*

*-A state of political democratic strength in the south. This would be the only way to make reforms in the south with things such as treatment of prisoners, the effects of unpaid labor, labor unions, and other issues that the south continued to struggle with. They also pushed for traditional white supremisist values.* 

*-The effects of the democratic hold resulted in making it harder for African Americans to vote. It also created small republican pockets which attempted to gain political strength. The white man's party would rule the south for years and an increase in black oppression and violence occurred.* 

*lynching*

*-the public hanging of people (typically african americans during this time) in the states (predominately the south but still existed in places like New York) for petty crimes or crimes they didn’t commit. Many white men used this to make an example out of African Americans and would do it publically. In certain places people would pose with the bodies and sell the photos on postcards.* 

*-Linching peaked in the 1890s-1910s. The lynching occured to mainly african americans and was used as a power move in order to show the supremacy of white people and the power they thought they had over the African Americans there.* 

*William Jennings Bryan*

*A young Nebraska congressman who happened to be a free silver advocate. He passionately defended farmers and denounced the gold standard. Him and the populists who supported him wanted the incorporation of silver into the economy and a federal tax on the wealthy that would bring another source of revenue to the nation.* 

*-His legacy showed how the democrats used to be large supporters of limited government, but now they took a more active stance in the face of issues like the wealthy holding most of the nation's money in situations like the depression. He did not win the election as many republicans saw him as anarchistic(as revolting against authority).*