APUSH Period 2 Flashcards: English Colonization

New England Colonies

Included New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut.

City Upon a Hill

John Winthrop's vision for New England society.

Mixed Economy

Combination of agriculture and commerce in New England.

Participatory Town Meetings

Local governance through elected representatives.

Short Summers, Long Winters

New England's climate influenced agriculture.

Rigid Racial Hierarchy

Resulted from English colonization and limited intermarriage.

Spanish Colonization Goals

Wealth extraction through subjugation and conversion.

Intermarriage Acceptance

Spanish incorporated diverse populations into society.

French/Dutch Colonization

Involved few Europeans, primarily men.

Economic Relationships with Natives

French/Dutch used intermarriage for trade and diplomacy.

Salem Witch Trials

Puritan response to social tensions in Massachusetts.

Slave Labor in New England

Used relatively few enslaved laborers on farms.

Port Cities

Held significant enslaved population minorities.

Colonial Labor Systems

Varied among Spanish, French, Dutch, and British.

Hostile Native Relations

English colonization led to conflict with American Indians.

Social Mobility

English migrants sought improved living conditions.

Economic Prosperity

Motivation for English colonization and settlement.

Christian Conversion

Spanish aimed to convert native populations to Christianity.

Fur Trade

Key economic activity for French and Dutch colonizers.

Demographic Factors

Influenced regional differences in early British colonies.

Chesapeake Colonies

Virginia and Maryland known for tobacco cultivation.

Tobacco

Labor-intensive crop cultivated in Chesapeake colonies.

Indentured Servants

Laborers working under contract for passage to America.

Enslaved Africans

Forced laborers who replaced indentured servants over time.

Elite Planters

Wealthy landowners who dominated local authority.

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement in America, 1607.

Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware; diverse demographics.

William Penn

Founder of Pennsylvania, promoted Quaker tolerance.

Cereal Crops

Wheat, barley, oats, corn; key exports of Middle colonies.

Hudson River

Major trade route in the Middle colonies.

Southernmost Colonies

South Carolina and Georgia; long growing seasons.

Staple Crops

Economically important crops like rice and sugar.

Slave Codes

Laws regulating enslaved people's behavior and rights.

Gullah

Cultural and linguistic heritage of enslaved Africans.

Spirituals

Religious songs created by enslaved Africans.

House of Burgesses

First elected assembly in colonial America.

Mayflower Compact

Early agreement for self-governance by Pilgrims.

Competition for Resources

European rivalries led to industry and conflict.

Lax British Attention

Limited oversight of colonies allowed local autonomy.

Shared labor market

Combination of free, indentured, and slave labor.

Headright system

Land grant system to encourage colonization.

Triangle Trade

Trade route linking Americas, Europe, and Africa.

Metacom's War

Conflict between English colonists and Native Americans.

Pueblo Revolt

Native uprising against Spanish colonization in 1680.

Beaver Wars

Conflicts over fur trade between Iroquois and French.

Chickasaw Wars

Military conflicts involving Chickasaw and British forces.

Praying towns

Settlements for Native Americans to adopt Christianity.

Pequot War

Conflict between Pequot tribe and English settlers.

King Philip's War

Destructive conflict between Native Americans and colonists.

Navigation Acts

Laws regulating colonial trade for British benefit.

Maryland Toleration Act of 1649

Legal protection for religious freedom in Maryland.

First Great Awakening

Religious revival movement in the 1730s-1740s.

Cultural pluralism

Diverse cultural and religious groups coexisting.

Mercantilism

Economic theory prioritizing trade for national power.

Political instability

Unrest due to European and Native American conflicts.

Cultural exchange

Interaction leading to changes in customs and beliefs.

Autonomous political communities

Self-governing groups based on English traditions.

Intellectual exchange

Sharing of ideas across different cultural groups.

Frontier Defense

Protection of colonial borders from threats.

Restricted Trade

Limitations on commerce affecting colonial economy.

Molasses Act 1733

Tax on molasses to regulate trade.

Salutary Neglect

British policy of minimal interference in colonies.

John Locke

Philosopher influencing colonial ideas of liberty.

The First Great Awakening

Religious revival promoting independence and diversity.

Racial Superiority

Belief in British cultural dominance over others.

Bacon's Rebellion

Uprising highlighting tensions between classes and races.

Colonial Slavery System

Slavery shaped by economic and geographic factors.

Stono Rebellion

Slave revolt demonstrating overt resistance to slavery.

Covert Resistance

Secretive methods to maintain African culture.

Racial Stereotyping

Emergence of strict racial categories in colonies.

Terrible Transformation

Shift from indentured servitude to lifelong slavery.

Permanent Labor Source

Slaves as reliable workforce for landholders.

Controlled Labor System

Desire for manageable labor compared to indentured servants.

Economic Demand

Need for labor driven by colonial goods production.

Cultural Resistance

Maintaining traditions through various means.

Violent Confrontations

Conflicts between colonists and American Indian groups.

Integration Efforts

British attempts to unify colonies met with resistance.