2ND MIDTERM

What is characterized by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behaviour?

Mental disorder.

Who are mentally disordered offenders (MDOs)?

Individuals who have come into contact with the criminal justice system and who also have a mental disorder.

What does DSM-5-TR stand for?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision.

What is the term for the ability of a defendant to participate in their trial?

Fitness to Stand Trial (FST).

What are the two elements needed to establish criminal guilt?

Actus reus (a wrongful deed) and mens rea (criminal intent).

What does NCRMD stand for and what does it signify?

Not Criminally Responsible on Account of Mental Disorder, indicating a lack of criminal intent due to mental disorder.

What percentage of NCRMD pleas are successful in the US and Canada, respectively?

25% in the US and less than 1% in Canada.

What are command hallucinations?

Auditory hallucinations instructing individuals to act in certain ways.

What is the relationship between comorbid substance use and mental illness?

Co-morbid substance use can elevate the risk of violence among those with a mental illness.

What does the term 'criminalization of mental disorder' refer to?

Processing individuals with mental disorders through the criminal justice system for disruptive behaviors instead of treating them as patients.

What does deinstitutionalization refer to?

The large-scale transferring of psychiatric patients from hospitals to community-based settings.

What does psychopathy refer to in the context of criminal behavior?

A personality disorder characterized by deceitful interpersonal styles, impulsive behaviors, and diverse antisocial behaviors.

What is the Hare Psychopathy Checklist used for?

To assess psychopathy traits in individuals.

What was the goal of the residential school system in Canada?

To eliminate Indigenous culture through forced assimilation.

What is one reason for the overrepresentation of Indigenous individuals in the criminal justice system?

Higher Indigenous offending rates and significant contact with the justice system.

What are Gladue courts?

Special courts focused on processing Indigenous offenders considering their cultural backgrounds and systemic discrimination.

What does structural violence refer to?

Social inequalities leading to injustice and oppression that disadvantage marginalized individuals.

How does the presence of a mental disorder relate to criminal responsibility?

A defendant must lack criminal intent to be found Not Criminally Responsible on Account of Mental Disorder (NCRMD).

What is an example of an Indigenous-specific risk assessment tool?

Yókw’tól risk management guide.

How does psychopathy impact criminal recidivism rates?

Psychopaths are more likely to recidivate violently and within a short period after release.

What is the 'damning label' in the context of youth psychopathy?

The potential for stigma when youth are labeled as psychopaths, affecting their treatment and rehabilitation.

What defines mass murder according to the FBI?

Killing four or more victims in a single geographic location during the same event.

What distinguishes serial murder from spree murder?

Serial murder occurs over a period with cooling-off periods, while spree murder happens in more than one location without a cooling-off period.

What is the MacDonald Triad?

A model suggesting that fire-setting, cruelty to animals, and enuresis are early warning signs of potential serial homicide.

What treatment approach has shown more promising outcomes for youth psychopaths?

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).

What is the significance of elder involvement in Indigenous-specific treatment programs?

Elder involvement is associated with decreases in recidivism rates among Indigenous offenders.

What does the acronym FST stand for in criminal behavior contexts?

Fitness to Stand Trial.

What is the primary characteristic of psychopathy that affects interpersonal relationships?

Severe emotional detachment and lack of empathy.

What factors can influence crime rates in a community?

Economic conditions, social environment, policing practices, and community resources.

How do socioeconomic status and crime rates correlate?

Higher rates of crime are often observed in areas with lower socioeconomic status.

What is the concept of collective efficacy in relation to crime rates?

The social cohesion and ability of a community to maintain order, which can reduce crime rates.

What role does urbanization play in crime rates?

Increased urbanization can lead to higher crime rates due to factors like population density and social disorganization.

How can access to education impact crime rates?

Better access to education can lead to lower crime rates by improving job prospects and reducing poverty.

What is the relationship between mental health resources and crime rates?

Lack of mental health resources can contribute to higher crime rates, especially among individuals with untreated mental disorders.

How does gun control legislation impact crime rates?

Stricter gun control laws are associated with lower rates of gun-related crimes.

What is meant by the term 'crime displacement'?

The phenomenon where crime is shifted from one area to another due to increased policing or community interventions.

What effect does community policing have on crime rates?

Community policing strategies can lead to reduced crime rates by fostering trust and cooperation between police and community members.

How do drug abuse rates correlate with crime rates?

Higher rates of drug abuse are often linked to increased crime rates, particularly property crimes and violent offenses