Jose Rizal in the La Solidaridad and his views on the Revolution

difference, context, process

When studying the past, we should be guided by three principles that can provide us with historical awareness1. These three are the principles of (1) ____, (2) _____, and (3) ____.

Difference

_____ is defined as the recognition of the gap that separates our own age from all the previous ages.

anacronisms

While not taking difference into consideration creates _______ which is the unthinking assumption that people in the past behaved and thought the same as we do today.

context

The second principle, ________, is where we must always situate our subject of inquiry in its setting.

process

Lastly, _____ is the relationship between events over time which endows them with more significance than if they were viewed in isolation.

Teodoro Agoncillo

The preeminent historian _______ succinctly summarized what he thinks are some reasons why there are controversial issues in the study of Philippine history

Teodoro Agoncillo

He believes that historians and historical writers differ in their interpretation of a given event; they also differ in the sources of information that they use, and they differ in the presentation of facts and in emphasis as a product of their right to choose which materials to be used.

Spain

It can be briefly summarized as majority of the documents were hauled off to ____ during the revolution while during the Philippine- American war the new colonizers played a dualistic role of relocating majority of documents to the United States and compiling what can be available for the study of our past.

Philippine- American

It can be briefly summarized as majority of the documents were hauled off to Spain during the revolution while during the ______ war the new colonizers played a dualistic role of relocating majority of documents to the United States and compiling what can be available for the study of our past.

55

One of the major sources the Americans published is the (in) famous ___ volumes, The Philippine Islands, 1493- 1898 compiled by Emma Helen Blair and Alexander Robertson

The Philippine Islands

One of the major sources the Americans published is the (in) famous 55 volumes, ________, 1493- 1898 compiled by Emma Helen Blair and Alexander Robertson

Emma Helen Blair and Alexander Robertson

One of the major sources the Americans published is the (in) famous 55 volumes, The Philippine Islands, 1493- 1898 compiled by_________

Blair and Robertson’s The Philippine Islands

Even if there were other compilations done by the Americans, the ______ has been the most important source of primary documents about the Spanish colonial period and has been used by scholars in the past century especially for those who are not well versed in Spanish as all documents are translated into English.

American

The _____’s decision to consciously collect and select what documents to include and what to exclude deliberately formed inaccuracies about the Spanish colonial period while providing a convenient justification for American conquest of the Philippines

Renato Constantino

________ contextualizes this endorsement of Rizal as the Americans needed a hero that would not go against their conquest of the Philippines as they needed the Filipinos to focus their hatred towards the Spaniards, who killed the newly elevated national hero, and to diminish support for those who were fighting the Americans for our independence.

education

The Americans also highlighted Rizal’s advocacy of _____ as the entry point for their conquest of the Filipino hearts and minds coupled with the portrayal that education during the Spanish colonial period was lacking

Rafael Palma and Fr. John N. Schumacher

Replete in this discourse we can examine the arguments put forth by ________ that Rizal was a separatist.

separatist

Replete in this discourse we can examine the arguments put forth by Rafael Palma7 and Fr. John N. Schumacher8 that Rizal was a ______.

Palma

____ argues that Rizal decided that the Philippines should separate from Spain evidenced in his writings during the year of 1889 -90 while Schumacher points to as early as the writing of the Noli me Tangere where Rizal saw no future under the Spanish banner.

Schumacher

Palma argues that Rizal decided that the Philippines should separate from Spain evidenced in his writings during the year of 1889 -90 while ______ points to as early as the writing of the Noli me Tangere where Rizal saw no future under the Spanish banner.

El Filibusterismo

Palma questions how we utilize primarily the _______ as an indicator of Rizal’s separatist ideas without considering the events that transpired in his life during those times Rizal was writing his novels as well as his other writings.

Philippines A Century Hence

He would cite the _______ (1889) as a clear sign of Rizal’s decision together with what transpired in the Case of Hacienda de Calamba

Schumacher

________ adds by providing three reasons as to why Rizal as a separatist found little acceptance among writers on Rizal.

La Solidaridad

The illustrado effort to advocate for societal change that had connections in Manila and in Europe had its mouthpiece in the periodical ______.

Nuestros propositos

The inaugural issue appeared on February 15, 1899 with its program defined in its first article entitled _______ reading

Jose Victor Torres

________ laments that there are no complete originals of La Solidaridad in the Philippines

University of Santo Tomas Archives

Copies that were in the National Library were casualties of the Second World War while some few issues were discovered in 2011 at the _________.

Guadalupe Fores-Guanzon

He stated that a translation project was started by historian ______ in 1966 in which it was completed only in 1996 with different translators and publishers.

La Solidaridad

The ______ went through two clearly differentiated stages where the first was the period between 1889 and 1890 is the period of Rizal’s contributions and the second was marked by his departure which greatly affected the periodical until its discontinuance in 1895

“Los viajes” (“Travels”)

Rizal’s first article in La Solidaridad was published on May 15, 1889, entitled ______ using the pen name of Laong Laan

Laong Laan

Rizal’s first article in La Solidaridad was published on May 15, 1889, entitled “Los viajes” (“Travels”) using the pen name of _____

“La verdad para todos” (“Truth for all”)

In the succeeding issue, using his real name, Rizal wrote _______ which was a strong and blatant exposition of political life in the Philippines which was dominated by the religious orders at the expense of the interest of Filipinos

Hacienda de Calamba

During this time the issue of the ______ reached a level of crisis which greatly affected the tone and temper of Rizal’s writings

La Solidaridad

The ______ initially published bimonthly and eventually into a monthly format due to financial troubles coupled with other factors

Jose Rizal

He also believed in using their real names in their articles would encourage others to ‘lose their fear’ urging ‘more Filipinos to come forward’ and if they [the Spaniards] ‘will take vengeance’ their [Filipinos] ‘deaths will be an example for others’ having justice and freedom as cause ‘for the sacred love for our country and for our countrymen’

La Liga Filipina

When Rizal returned to the Philippines in June 1892, he formed the ______ in the succeeding month.

Liga

Popular belief and common knowledge recounts that the ____ continued its efforts to support the La Solidaridad in Spain.

Cuerpo de Compromisarios, Kataastaasan Kagalang-galangang na Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan

Due to various reasons, the Liga eventually split into two factions namely the ________ and the founding of the __________.

Archivo General de Madrid

This common and popular narrative is now questioned with recent archival evidence sourced from the_____ which moves the founding of the Katipunan months earlier to January, even before the return of Rizal in June 1892

Mabini

_____ considers the role of Rizal as not the prime instigator but a necessary part of the continuing movement for independence.

Agoncillo

_______ believes that Rizal was not against revolution but one that is not militarily prepared and the people lacking education that informed them how to use their rights.

Agoncillo

However, he also questions the reliability of Rizal in gauging the capacity of the revolution from his brief encounter with Pio Valenzuela when he visited Rizal in Dapitan.

Quibuyen

______ on the other hand, argues that Rizal only condemned the present rebellious movement as premature but wittingly does not profess loyalty to Spain nor reject independence as something undesirable.

Mi Ultimo Adios,

Quibuyen cite multiple sources to support Rizal’s positive view of the revolution such as the contents of _______ Rizal’s wife – Josephine Bracken – immediately joining the revolutionaries after his execution,to namea few.