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Progressive Era
a period of widespread social activism and political reform in the United States, spanning from the 1890s to the 1920s.
It sought to address problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and political corruption through various reforms, including regulation of big business, conservation efforts, and women's suffrage.
John Dewey/pragmatism
an American philosopher and educator who promoted pragmatism, a philosophy emphasizing practical experience and experimentation as the basis for knowledge and truth.
His ideas influenced education, psychology, and social reform, advocating for hands-on learning and democratic principles in schools.
scientific management
also known as Taylorism, is a management theory developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
It focuses on maximizing efficiency by scientifically analyzing and optimizing workflows and labor processes.
muckrakers
journalists and writers in the Progressive Era who exposed social, political, and economic injustices and corruption in American society, aiming to bring about reform.
Jacob Riis / How the Other Half Lives
a muckraking journalist and photographer who exposed the living conditions of the poor in New York City in the late 19th century.
His book, "How the Other Half Lives," documented the squalid conditions of tenements and helped to raise awareness about urban poverty.
Lincoln Steffens / The Shame of the Cities
muckraking journalist who exposed political corruption in American cities.
His book, "The Shame of the Cities," highlighted the abuses of power and lack of accountability among urban political machines, contributing to reform efforts during the Progressive Era.
secret ballot
a voting method in which a voter's choices are confidential, ensuring privacy and reducing the potential for coercion or intimidation.
Robert La Follette
a progressive politician and governor of Wisconsin who advocated for reform measures such as direct primaries, tax reform, and regulation of railroads and utilities.
direct primary
an election in which voters choose candidates to represent their political party in general elections, rather than party leaders making the selection internally.
Seventeenth Amendment, 1913
An amendment, ratified in 1913, established the direct election of United States Senators by popular vote, instead of their selection by state legislatures.
initiative
a process that allows citizens to propose and enact laws directly, bypassing the state legislature.
referendum
a process that allows citizens to approve or reject laws passed by the legislature through a direct vote.
recall election
a process that allows voters to remove an elected official from office before their term is over.
city manager - council plan
a form of municipal government where an elected council appoints a professional city manager to oversee administrative functions, separating political leadership from day-to-day operations.
prohibition/Eighteenth Amendment
enforced by the ________ Amendment from 1920 to 1933, banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States.
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
tragic industrial fire that occurred in 1911 in New York City, killing 146 garment workers, mostly young immigrant women, and leading to significant reforms in labor and fire safety laws.
Theodore Roosevelt
26th President of the United States, known for his progressive policies, trust-busting efforts, conservation initiatives, and assertive foreign policy, often summarized by the phrase "speak softly and carry a big stick." (Big Stick Diplomacy)
“Square Deal”
Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program that aimed to protect the interests of the average citizen, promote a fair deal for all, and regulate big business.
anthracite coal strike, 1902
a 1902 strike by coal miners in Pennsylvania demanding higher wages, shorter workdays, and recognition of their union. It was resolved with the intervention of President Theodore Roosevelt, who mediated negotiations and secured a compromise, setting a precedent for federal intervention in labor disputes.
Upton Sinclair / The Jungle
muckraking journalist and author of the novel "The Jungle," which exposed the unsanitary and exploitative conditions in the meatpacking industry, leading to calls for food safety regulations and ultimately the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906.
Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906
Act passed in 1906 that mandated a law that aimed to ensure the safety and purity of food and drugs by prohibiting the sale of misbranded or adulterated products and requiring accurate labeling.
Meat Inspection Act, 1906
An act passed in 1906 that mandated federal inspection of meat processing to ensure sanitary conditions and the safety of meat products, in response to public outcry following the publication of Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle."
conservationists
advocates for the sustainable use and preservation of natural resources, such as forests, water, and wildlife, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
preservationists
advocates for protecting natural areas and wildlife from human interference, often emphasizing the importance of maintaining wilderness in its original state.
John Muir
a naturalist, writer, and advocate for the preservation of wilderness in the United States, known for his work in establishing national parks and his role in the conservation movement.
William Howard Taft
27th President of the United States, serving from 1909 to 1913. He was known for his efforts in trust-busting, supporting progressive reforms, and his later career as Chief Justice of the United States.
Mann-Elkins Act, 1910
an Act passed in 1910 that strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission's (ICC) ability to regulate railroad rates and expanded its jurisdiction to include telephone and telegraph companies, furthering federal control over interstate commerce.
Sixteenth Amendment, 1913, income tax
An amendment, ratified in 1913, authorized the federal government to impose income taxes on individuals and corporations, enabling the establishment of a permanent federal income tax system in the United States.
Socialist Party of America
a political party in the United States that advocated for social and economic reforms, including public ownership of industries, social insurance programs, and workers' rights, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Election of 1912
a significant presidential election in which four candidates ran: Woodrow Wilson (Democratic), William Howard Taft (Republican), Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive/"Bull Moose" Party), and Eugene V. Debs (Socialist). The election resulted in a landslide victory for Wilson, marking the end of the Progressive Era and a shift in American politics.
Roosevelt/Bull Moose Party
Roosevelt formed the Progressive Party, nicknamed the _________ Party, for the 1912 election after he failed to secure the Republican nomination.
The party advocated for progressive reforms such as women's suffrage, labor rights, and environmental conservation.
Roosevelt/New Nationalism
formed by Roosevelt; it was a progressive political platform that called for government intervention in the economy to protect the welfare of the people, regulate big business, and promote social justice and equality.
Woodrow Wilson/New Freedom
formed by Woodrow Wilson, it was a progressive political platform that advocated for antitrust legislation, banking reform, and tariff reduction, aiming to promote competition, protect small businesses, and enhance individual economic opportunity.
Underwood Tariff, 1913
Tariff passed in 1913 that significantly reduced tariffs on imported goods and was intended to promote competition, lower prices for consumers, and stimulate economic growth.
Federal Reserve Act, 1914
Act passed in 1914 that established the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States, which aimed to provide a stable monetary and financial system, regulate banks, and manage the country's money supply.
Clayton Antitrust Act, 1914
Act passed in 1914 that expanded on the Sherman Antitrust Act, strengthening the regulation of monopolies and unfair business practices, and exempted labor unions from antitrust prosecution.
Child Labor Act, 1916
also known as the Keating-Owen Act and passed in 1916, prohibited the interstate shipment of goods produced by child labor, aiming to protect children from exploitation and improve working conditions.
NAWSA/ Carrie Chapman Catt
a leading women's suffrage organization in the United States, advocating for women's right to vote. Carrie Chapman Catt was a prominent suffragist and president of NAWSA, known for her strategic leadership in the suffrage movement.
Nineteenth Amendment
Amendment ratified in 1920, granted women the right to vote, finally enfranchising them in the United States.
Margaret Sanger
birth control activist and founder of the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood. She advocated for women's reproductive rights and access to contraception.
Allied Powers
the countries that fought against the Central Powers. They included France, Russia, the United Kingdom, Italy, and later the United States, among others.
Central Powers
the countries that fought against the Allied Powers. They primarily consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.
HMS Lusitania
a British ocean liner that was sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, resulting in the deaths of nearly 1,200 passengers and crew, including 128 Americans. The sinking played a role in the United States' decision to enter World War I.
Sussex Pledge
a promise made by Germany in 1916 to not sink merchant vessels without warning, aiming to avoid antagonizing the United States and drawing them into World War I.
Zimmerman Telegram
a secret diplomatic communication sent by Germany to Mexico in 1917, proposing a military alliance against the United States in the event that the U.S. entered World War I.
Russian (Bolshevik) Revolution
a revolution in Russia in 1917 that led to the overthrow of the Tsarist autocracy and the establishment of the Soviet Union, marking the beginning of communist rule.
War Industries Board
a United States government agency established during World War I to coordinate the production of war materials and ensure efficient use of national resources for the war effort.
Espionage and Sedition Acts
Acts passed in 1917 and 1918, were laws that made it illegal to interfere with the draft, obstruct military recruitment, or express opinions considered disloyal or critical of the government during wartime.
Schenck v. United States
a Supreme Court case in 1919 that upheld the constitutionality of the Espionage Act, establishing the "clear and present danger" test for determining when speech could be restricted under the First Amendment.
Selective Service Act, 1917
Act passed in 1917 that authorized the federal government to raise a national army for World War I through conscription, or the draft, requiring all men between the ages of 21 and 30 to register for military service.
American Expeditionary Force
the United States military force sent to Europe during World War I to aid the Allied Powers, under the command of General John J. Pershing.
Fourteen Points
a statement by President Woodrow Wilson in 1918 outlining his vision for a post-World War I world, emphasizing principles such as self-determination, freedom of the seas, and the establishment of a League of Nations to promote international cooperation and peace.
Treaty of Versailles
peace treaty signed in 1919 at the end of World War I that imposed harsh penalties on Germany, including territorial losses, disarmament, and reparations, leading to resentment and contributing to the conditions for World War II.
League of Nations
an international organization founded in 1920 with the goal of promoting peace and cooperation among nations, but it ultimately failed to prevent World War II due to a lack of enforcement power and participation from major powers like the United States.
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