Chapter 11-Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Flashcards covering vocabulary terms from chapter 11 lecture notes.

The natural resistance with which a person is born.

Innate or nonspecific immunity

The second line of defense, responding less rapidly than innate immunity but more effectively.

Adaptive or specific immunity

Soluble proteins secreted by cells of both the innate and adaptive immunity that mediate the interaction between immune and tissue cells; pleiotropic and redundant with broad activity.

Cytokines

Cytokines produced by macrophages and lymphocytes that enhance acquired immunity.

Interleukins (ILs)

Cytokines that primarily protects against VIRAL infections and modulates the inflammatory response.

Interferons (INFs)

Endogenous pyrogen cytokine that produces fever.

Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α)

Cytokines that control the migration of leukocytes to their primary site of action in the immune response.

Chemokines

Cytokines that stimulate the growth and differentiation of bone marrow progenitors of immune cells; generally very specific.

Colony-stimulating factors

Cells that specifically recognize and respond to foreign antigens.

Lymphocytes

Macrophages and dendritic cells that function as antigen-presenting cells by processing complex antigens into epitopes for lymphocyte activation.

Accessory cells

Early responder cells of innate immunity, predominately in the blood (not the tissues).

Neutrophils (aka polymorhonuclear neutrophils [PMN’s])

Cells of innate immunity that typically ingest antigen-antibody complexes and viruses.

Eosinophils

Cells of innate immunity released by the bone marrow, migrate into tissues and mature into macrophages and dendritic cells

Monocytes

Cells of innate immunity essential for the clearance of bacteria; efficient phagocytic cells.

Macrophages

Cells of innate immunity that bridge between innate and adaptive immune systems; sense and capture foreign agents, transport to secondary lymphoid tissues.

Dendritic cells

Cells of innate immunity that kill target organisms infected with intracellular (viral) or bacterial pathogenic organisms; mediate spontaneous cytotoxicity against infected cells.

NK cells (natural killer cells)

Cell membrane structures contained in pathogens, recognized by cells of the innate immune system.

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP’s)

Germline-encoded receptors of the innate immune system that recognize PAMPs.

Pattern recognition receptors (PRR’s)

Glycoproteins that, when bound to a PAMP, produce proteins important for the innate immune system.

Toll-like Receptors (TLR)

Molecules that coat cell membranes, activating phagocytosis after attachment to a PRR on the phagocytic cell.

Opsonins

Proteins produced in the liver in response to activation of proinflammatory cytokines; act as activators of the alternate complement pathway.

Acute-phase proteins

Soluble mediator of innate immunity; acute-phase protein.

Manose-binding ligand (MBL)

Soluble mediator of innate immunity; acute-phase protein used clinically to evaluate many disease processes.

C-reactive protein (CRP)

Substances foreign to the host that can stimulate an immune response.

Antigens

Immune cells that assist in orchestrating and controlling the immune response.

Regulatory Cells

Immune cells that accomplish the final stages of the immune response with the elimination of the antigen.

Effector Cells

Cells that bridge the innate and adaptive immune system, driven by cytokines that up-regulate MHC's.

Antigen-presenting Cells (APC’s)

Major Histocompatibility Complex molecules important in certain organ transplantation as well as other situations.

HLA Antigens

Mature B-cells that hang out in the tissues waiting for another exposure to a specific antigen that THEN turns them on to become grown-up Plasma cells.

MEMORY B-CELLS

Differentiated cells from mature B-cells which secrete the antibodies into the lymph and blood where they will do their work.

PLASMA CELLS

CD4+ cells that serve as master regulators for the immune system. Release cytokines that recruit and activate other CD8+ cytotoxic cells.

Helper T-cells

Subset of T-cells that control immune system responses; CD4+ Regulatory are negative regulators and CD8+ regulatory function to down-regulate T-cell activated by self OR foreign antigens.

Regulatory T-cells

T-cells that monitors the activity of all cells in the body and destroys any that threaten the integrity of the body.

Cytotoxic T-cells

Recognize specific antigens; bind with receptors on immune cells to activate cellular response. Are secreted proteins produced by B-cells that matured into PLASMA CELLS.

Antibodies (aka Immunoglobulins [Ig])

Most common antibody. Displays antiviral, antitoxin, and antibacterial properties; only Ig that crosses the placenta.

IgG

Prominent antibody in body secretions, such as saliva, nasal and respiratory secretions, and breast milk; protects mucous membranes.

IgA

Forms the natural antibodies such as those for ABO blood antigens; prominent in early immune responses; activates complement.

IgM

Antibody found on B lymphocytes; needed for maturation of B cells.

IgD

Antibody that binds to mast cells and basophils; involved in parasitic infections, allergic and hypersensitivity reactions.

IgE

Specific protection induced after exposure to the offending substance and activation of B and T lymphocytes

Active Immunity

Specific protection provided through transfer of protective antibodies against an antigen; transferred from another source.

Passive Immunity