Chemistry Chapter 4-Nuclear Chem

Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of what?

neutrons

Whats are atoms that have different numbers of protons called?

isotopes or nuclied

Why are some isotopes called stable?

because they do not decay

The forces within the isotopes nuclei keep them from what?

breaking apart

What do scientist not fully understand about isotopes?

what makes them stable or unstable

The stability of a particular nucleus depends partially on the interaction between what?

two forces

The electromagnetic force causes protons that are not close to each other do what?

repel

The strong nuclear force is more powerful when what are very close together?

protons

The strong nuclear force hold what?

protons and neutrons

What seems to have a stabilizing effect?

neutrons

When the number of what increases the number of neutrons need to stabilize the nucleus even more?

protons

All elements with an atomic number larger than 83 are unstable and radioactive?

83

What are some isotopes called?

radioactive or unstable

The radioactive nuclei can what or give off smaller subatomic particles and electromagnetic magnetic energy?

release

Particles or radiation that are emitted are called what?

radioactivity

What is the abbreviation for electron?

e-

What is the abbreviation for proton?

p+

What is the abbreviation for neutron?

n^0

What is the charge of an electron?

-1

What is the charge of a proton?

+1

What is the charge of a neutron?

0

Where is the proton located?

nucleus

Where is the nuetron located?

nucleas

Where is the electron located?

outside the nucleus

How are the isotopes of an element alike?

they have the same number of protons and sometimes electrons

What is the 1st instrument used to measure radioactivity?

Geiger-müller counter

What is the 2nd instrument used to measure radioactivity?

Scintillation counters

What are the units used to measure radioactivity?

Roentgen and Rem

How can a nucleus stay together since it has a whole lot of protons?

it has a strong nuclear force

What does it mean when an atom is radioactive?

when there are unstable atoms that spontaneously emit nuclear radiation

What is an isotope?

atoms of the same element that has different masses

mass number

the total number of protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus of an isotope

What is an Nuclide?

an atom that can decay

What is mass defect?

difference between the includes mass and the mass of the individual subatomic particle

What is the maximum number of protons for the nucleus of an element to be found in nature?

92

What element has 92 protons?

Uranium (U)

What does a radioactive atom give off?

radiation and forms a new nucleus

What is the goal of an unstable atom?

to give off radiation to make the nucleus more stable

When a beta particle is released, a neutron is changed into a what?

proton

A beta particle is what?

electron realeased

What are the three types of radiation that an unstable particle give off?

alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma radiation

How does the mass defect explain that the laws of conservation do not hold?

because some of its mass becomes energy referencing the formula e=mc²

Which force predominates in a stable nucleus?

the strong nuclear force

Which force predominates in an unstable nucleus?

the repulsive electromagnetic force

What is a half life?

the amount of time it takes for half the substance of a radioactive sample to decay

Which nuclide has the shortest half life?

hydrogen

What is a decay series?

a series of radioactive nuclides produced by successive decay until stable include is formed

What is the heaviest nuclide of each decay series?

parent include

What is the nuclides produced by the decay of the parent nuclides?

daughter nuclides

What type of radiation does paper go through?

alpha particle

What type of radiation does glass go through?

beta particle

What type of radiation does concrete go through?

gamma radiation

What is nuclear binding energy?

the energy released when a nucleus is formed

What is the nuclear shell model?

that nucleons exist in different energy levels or shells in the nucleus

What is a nuclear reaction?

the reaction that effects the nucleus of an atom

What is a transmutation?

is a change in the identity of a nucleus as a result of a change in the number of its protons

What is a radioactive nuclide?

an unstable nucleus that undergoes radioactive decay

What is an alpha particle?

two protons and two neutrons bound together and is emitted from the nucleus during some radioactive decays

What a beta particle?

is an electron emitted from the nucleus during some kinds of radioactive decay

What is positron?

a particle that has the same mass as an electron but has positive charge emitted from the nucleus

Electron capture?

an inner orbital electron captured by the nucleus of its own atom

gamma rays?

high energy electromagnetic waves emitted from a nucleus as it changes from an excited ground energy state

How do you tell if a nucleus is stable or will decay?

the balance between protons and neutrons are relatively even

Which waves are most energetic?

gamma rays

Are microwaves more or less energetic than visible light?

less