Napoleon and the 19th century test

French Revolution

(1789-1799) A series of conflicts between revolutionary France and several European powers, including Austria, prussia, great britain, and spain, who formed coalitions to oppose the revolution.

Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

Last king and queen of France. Married in 1770. 

Three Estates

A social and political system in early modern europe that divided society into the clergy (pray), the nobility (fight), and commoners (work).

Bastille

medieval fortress in paris, built to protect the city, and later on serving as a state prison. Stormed by revolutionaries on July 14,1789.

Maximillian Robespierre

Key figure of reign of terror. executed at end of reign of terror.

Enlightenment ideals

emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism towards traditional authority, promoting concepts like liberty, progress, representative government, natural rights, and the separation of church and state

Napoleon

 French general who rose to prominence during the french revolution and led a series of military campaigns across Europe during the french revolutionary and napoleonic wars from 1796 to 1815.

Battle of Toulon

(1793) Napoleon’s rise to fame. Napoleon divised plan to capture key forts overlooking harbor. french republican.

Battle of Waterloo

Napoleon’s return was refused, disorganized retreat of french army, leading to napoleon’s defeat and exile → Napoleon’s last battle. 

Napoleonic Codes

The Napoleonic code was a landmark civil law system established in France in 1804 by Napoleon Bonaparte, aiming to simplify and unify french law and reflect enlightenment principles like equality and property rights. 

Continental System

An economic blockade implemented by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1806, during the Napoleonic wars, to cripple Britain’s economy by preventing European nations from trading with it. 

Elba

 Island in Mediterranean sea, napoleon’s first exile in 1814, escaped in 1815 → return to france → “Hundred Days”

 St. Helena

Island in South Atlantic ocean, exiled after waterloo, died 6 years later. 

Abdicate

for a monarch or ruler to formally give up their power, often due to political upheaval or the threat of revolution. 

Annex

to formally add a territory or property, often through legal or forceful means. 

Concordat of 1801

restored relations between Napoleon’s France and the catholic church. 

Congress of Vienna

(1814-1815) a diplomatic meeting of european powers to reorganize europe after the napoleonic wars, aiming to establish a balance of power and a conservative political order

Balance of Power

the political strategy used by other european powers to prevent France from dominating the continent again, while simultaneously suppressing revolutionary ideals and restoring monarchies. 

Romanticism

An artistic and intellectual movement, against rationalism of the enlightenment and the disillusionment following the french revolution; expressed themes of liberty, passion, and sometimes a utopian vision for society.

Realism

aimed to depict everyday life truthfully and objectively without romantic emotion. rejected romanticism. after 1848 revolution. Art and literary movement.

Impressionism

a revolutionary movement within art- artists like claude monet, beethoven, etc. 

Revolutions of 1848

series of republican revolts removing old monarchial structures and creating independent nations.

Industrial Revolution

A period of major technological, socioeconomic, and cultural change that began in Great Britain in the late 18th century and spread worldwide, developing new inventions like looms and factory systems. 

Darwin’s theory of evolution

 Life evolved from common ancestors and survival of the fittest through natural selection. 

Reunified Germany and Italy

Otto Von Bismark unified the countries for benefits like resources and military. 

Otto von Bismarck

“Iron Chancellor” unified into German empire in 1871, established sophisticated state and peace throughout Europe through alliances. 

Kulturkampf

Struggle for culture or civilization → reducomh church’s power → bringing it under state control. 

Cavour

Political goals → united italy

Guiseppe Garibaldi

War → united italy

Red Shirts

Garibaldi → more visible and threatening → restoring white supremacy

Commodore Matthew Perry

forced Japan to open up trade throughout the west. 

Meiji Restoration

ended the rule of Tokugawa, restoring power to emperor and ushering in modernization. 

Japanese Wars

Russo- Japanese war (vs russia)

Monroe’s Doctrine (1823)

A U.S. policy that was opposed to any European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere (South America, Central America, and the Caribbean)  

Manifest Destiny

The belief that it was America’s fate (destiny) to expand across the continent, and eventually the world.

socialism

shared resources and wealth, total sharing of wealth

capitalism

democracy, money and wealth spread evenly, elections, military only for war, constitution

monarchy

kings/emperor, tyrant/dictator, no or limited elections, wealth stays with rich people, strong military and secret police