AP Human Geography Unit 2 Quiz 2

Migration

Migration is the permanent or semi-permanent relocation of people from one place to another.

Voluntary Migration

Movement by choice, often influenced by economic, social, or environmental factors.

Forced Migration

Movement in which people have no option but to relocate due to war, persecution, or natural disaster.

Emigration

Leaving one’s country of origin to settle elsewhere.

Immigration

Entering a new country with the intent to live there.

Net Migration

The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants in a place over a given time.

Internal Migration

Movement within the borders of a single country.

International Migration

Movement across international borders.

Interregional Migration

Relocation between different regions of a country.

Intraregional Migration

Movement within the same region, such as within a city or metropolitan area.

Circulation (Cyclic Movement)

Short-term, repetitive movements that occur on a regular basis (e.g., daily commute, seasonal work).

Push Factors

Negative conditions that encourage people to leave their place of residence.

Pull Factors

Positive conditions that attract people to a new location.

Intervening Obstacles

Barriers that make migration difficult, such as physical geography, laws, or costs.

Intervening Opportunities

A closer, more convenient opportunity that reduces the need to migrate farther.

Distance Decay

The principle that migration, contact, or interaction decreases with increasing distance.

Chain Migration

When people follow relatives or members of their community to a new location.

Guest Workers

Migrants who are permitted to work in a country temporarily.

Refugees

People forced to flee their home country due to conflict, persecution, or disaster.

Asylum

Legal protection granted to someone who has fled another country due to persecution.

Undocumented Immigrants

Migrants who enter or stay in a country without legal permission.

Xenophobia

Strong dislike, fear, or hatred of foreigners or people from different cultures.

Brain Drain

The loss of educated and skilled workers from one country to another.

Urbanization

Growth in the number of people living in cities.

Suburbanization

Movement of people from cities to surrounding residential areas.

Counter-urbanization

Movement from urban areas to rural or less populated areas.

Counter Migration

Migration that returns people to the place they originally left.

Mobility

All types of movement from one location to another.

Stage One (“Premodern Traditional Society”)

Very high levels of mobility (nomadism), but very little migration.

Stage Two (“Early Transitional Society”)

Massive movement from countryside to cities; high international emigration, population still rising.

Stage Three (“Late Transitional Society”)

Urban-to-urban migration surpasses rural-to-urban migration; rural-to-urban migration continues but at slower rates.

Stage Four (“Advanced Society”)

Countryside-to-city migration continues but reduced; vigorous city-to-city and intra-urban migration; urban-to-suburban migration increases.

Cotton Belt

Region in the American South historically dominated by cotton farming; now called the New South due to migration from northern cities for climate and job opportunities.

Rust Belt

Northern industrial states (Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, Pennsylvania) that lost economic base in 1960s–1980s, leading to population decline and abandoned industry.

Sun Belt

Southeastern and southwestern U.S. states that experienced rapid population growth and economic prosperity since WWII, attracting migrants from other regions.

Zelinskys Migration Transition

Known as the Migration Transition Model, claims that the type of migration that occurs within a country depends on how developed it is or what type of society it is. A connection is drawn from migration to the stages of within the Demographic Transition Model (DTM). It was developed by Wilbur Zelinsky (1921–2013), longtime professor of geography at the Pennsylvania State University.

Ravenstein’s Law of Migration

a set of patterns about migration tendencies and demographics, which form the basis of migration today, developed by some German guy in the 1880s

1. Migration is typically short in distance.

2. occurs in steps

3. Urban areas attract both long-distance and rural migrants.

4. Every migration generates a countermigration.

5. Young, single, adult males are more likely to be migrants than females.

6. Most migration is due to economic factors.

Exurbanites

someone who has left the inner city to live in the suburbs

Remittance

Money sent back to the migrant’s country of origin

Center of population

a geographical point that represents the central location of the POPULATION

Internally Displaced persons

a migrant who leaves their homeland due to political or environmental crises but do not cross international borders

Geographic Center

a country's PHYSICAL center point

Step Migration

gradual migration, happens in a series of steps

Transhumance

the seasonal movement of livestock (herding) between mountains and lowland pastures

quota

a law or policy that places a maximum limit on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year

Wilbur Zelinsky

Longtime professor of geography at the Pennsylvania State University