Unit 5 Revolutions

evelyn- 235, margo- 140, mackenize- 175, nidhi-215, bailey- 134

what movements encouraged people to think for themselves

• renaissance (14th-17th century)

• scientific revolution (1500-1700)

scientific revolution was

threat to the church bc it proved the church didnt have all the answers

the church said that the solar system was ___________ so when science discovered that it was actually __________ it dicretied the church and_______________

geocentric, heliocentric, created mistrust and doubt

the enlightenment is what gets some poeple….

questionaing their governmetn and its responsibilities

big changes in how people _________ and different ____________ and their impact on lives

think, societial factors

this clash of _________ ideas led to lots of ______________ (both ________ and _____________ change) in the world

new and old, wars, societal

most englightenment thinkers were _______________ and their ideas resonated with the ______________

french, bourgeusie

bourgeuise

educated middle class, have money, but no political power

the bourgeusie wanted power for themselves and used peasants to achieve their goals of change but…

the peasants were still left without power because the bourguesie’s goals are still elevated to their social class

the enlighenment focused on ___________________________ an there was an empahsis on ______________________ and was a very ______________________ movement

the ideal relationship between people and government, reason and idea of society and government, upper and middle class

the wealthy wanted more….

power and influence in the government

enlightenment thinkers looked at ____________________ and believed in things like _______________ and argued that……….

faults in the traditional institutions like absolute monarchies, natural rights of man, power of the government came from people not god because if the citizens dont listen then the government doesnt have any power

the enlightenment threatened ________ becuase it suggested that ___________ which means that they have to…..

monarchies, individual rights, actually listen to their people

secular

not religous

the world was slowy becoming more ________ and the idea of _____________ emerged

secular, seperation of church and state

philosophers became……

athiest and deist

deist

god created the universe but after that took a step back and doesnt interfere, like a watchmake

popular sovereignity

will of people instead of divine right of kings or mandate of heaven

enlightenment thinkers sought to make ____________________and not god

people responisble for king and vice versa

impact of the enlightenment

• end of serdom

• end of slave trade

• poor people still have terrible conditions in cities

• revolutions throughtout the world bc ppl questioning things

• further weakend the influence of organized religon

  • more religous tolerance (no mroe catholic v protestant fighting)

  • called for more secular views

john locke

• idea that people were bo inhertenyl good and that people were a blank slate at birth

• believed in a socail contract or the idea that the government has to serve the people in order to continue existings

adam smith

• wrote wealth of nations

• said that economy should be laissez-faire or that the gov should not regulate the economy

baron de montesquieu

believed in a seperation of power so that no one person became too powerful

voltaire (francois-marie arouet)

• attacked the roman catholic church and french monarchy

• argued for individual freedom and attacked any institution hat approved of intolerant or oppressive polices

jean- jacques rosseau

• said that people allowed the government to exist to protect private property

• government should carry out the gerneral will of the people

mary wollstonecraft

• wrote vindiction of the rights of women

• one fo the major voices of the first feminist movement

• agued that women shuld recieve same education as men to prepare women to participate in political and professional society

what did england look at the 13 colonies as and why did they want to keep them

a commercial venture to collect natural resources, mercantalism

salutary nelgect

how england ruled over the colonies, didnt really care whay they did as long as they paid taxes

whenever england would raise taxes on the colonies the colonists would…

freak out and throw a fit because they were used to being left alone

how did england react when the colonists threw fits

they would role back the taxes

things like the stamp act, sugar act, tea act all led to

the declartion of independence being signed

colonists wore britian down after a while with help from the _________ meaning that the american revolution was…

french, the first successful revolution in the modern era

because the french revolution was based of off englightenment principales it was

much more radical than other revolutions

the french revoltion aimed to…

crush the old regime and create new societal structure

why did the french revolution start

• lack of representation (bourguesie upset)

• lack of food (peasants upset)

• high taxes (both upset)

what is a common sign in history that revolt is about to happen

hungry peasants

france was divied into 3 estates or class comprising of

• 1st estate- clergy

• 2nd estate- aristocracy/nobility

• 3rd estate- everyone else, bourgeosie, artisans, merchants, peasants, 99% of the population

what were the 1st and 2nd estates exempt from

paying taxes

each of the estates had _______ so the _____________ was always outnumbered

1 vote, 3rd estate

louis XVI

• very stupid

• could barely speak french

• didnt care for ruling

• just wanted to play

• terrible at ruling

• easy to influence

• married to marie antonettie

marie antontenitte

• Louis’ wife

• just wanted his love

• so out of touch with society

• never said the cake thing

because of frances _______ louis calls together the ______________

extreme debt, estate generals to raise taxes so more

after the estate general the ________ goes off and __________ and the other 2 estates _______________ and the new ___________________ pledges to hold court on the tennis courts until they are listened to or something meanwhile the _______________________

3rd, forms their own government, lock them out of the palace, government formed by the 3rd estate, peasants still arent getting fed

the peasants are fed up with __________________ so they storm the ____________ and take a bunch of….

high taxes and lack of food, bastille, food and weapons

the great fear

when peasants are going around and killing members of the 2nd estate then raiding their houses for food and leaving their heads on sticks outside their houses when theyre done

during this time englightenement documents like the ___________________________ are drafted but the peasants still….

decleration of rights of men and citizen, arent getting fed which is all they want radical right

louis XVI tried to escape but _____________________________ and is forced to _____________________ and is then found guilty of treason and…..

a bunch of peasants recognize him bc they saw him on money and chased him back to the palace, sign away all his power, guillotined with his wife, kids are just thrown in prison

maximilien robepsierre and jacobin party

• make the committe of public safety to keep the people safe

• made a secret police so anyone who sai anything about the governement was reported and killed, couldnt trust anyone

• tried to make a whole new calendar completely removed from the church so people are more loyal to the government, doesnt work

• reign of terror

reign of terror

under robespierre, killed (mostly guillotined) 40,000 people in a year

who takes over after maximilien robspierre and jacobin

directory using a coup d’etat

napolean

• part of the coup d’etat

• crowns himself emperor of france (church less power)

• everyone lets him bc so desperate for stability

the haitian revolution was the only….

sucessful slave revolt in history

the isaldn was spilt into 2 sides

the french controled side adn the spanish

name of spainish side of hispanola

santo domingo

name of french side of hispanola

saint domingue

saint domingue’s major crops were ___________________ which were both ______________ meaning there were many slaves and because of the conditions of the carribean _____________________________

sugar and coffee, intensive, many slaves died often and young so there was a constat supply of new slaves and many more slaves than free people

societal breakdown of saint domingue

• whites (abt 40,000)

• gen de couler (abt 28,000)

• slaves (abt 500,000)

gen de couler

born of slaves and whites, free and have the ability to own slaves and be rich, no political power

whites had all the political power but ________________, the gen de couler’s had alot of money but ___________, the slaves _______________

were scared of being overpowered and felt in danger because they were the minority, political power so they were angry at the whites, just wanted freedom so mad at both

how did the haitian revolution start

slaves killed masters and burned down houses

who joined the slaves helping them gain more and more land

the maroons

toussaint louverture

• led the slave revolution

• basically in charge

• didnt declare independence so they dont have to deal with napoleon

what did france do in hopes of maintaining power

freed all the slaves

louverture sets up a…..

new constitution

when napoleon gets into control he ________________________ __and he__ _____________________ but eventually _______________

sends troops to saint domingue in hopes of returning to salvery and making more profits, captures toussiant who dies in jail, french troops are decimated by yellow fever

in 1803 fomer slaves declare independence and call it

haiti or land of mountains

because of the start of haiti and how thye gained their independence to this day

they have a very unstable and corrupt government

in latin america the __________ want more ___________ because they outnumbered the ______________ and saw themselves superior to the ______________________

creoles, political power, penninsulares, mestizos, indigenous, mulattos, and slaves

the creoles drew from ______________- to form…

the enlightenment ideas that had come from europe, creole dominated republics

because of napoleon spain couldnt _________________

keep control of their colonies and send troops over

miguel hidalgo y custilla

a catholic priest who rallied indigenous people along with mestizos against colonial rule, rilled everyone up to want to be independent

general agustin de hurbide

a creole general that declared independence from spain in 1821 and created an empire that broke down quickly because he did not want help from the mestizos and indigneous people

simon bolivar

led movement for independence but rejected the help of mestizos and mulattos, feared the revolt like in haiti, joined other revolutionaries and desposed of spanish rulers throughout south america

gran columbia

created by simon bolivar, fell apart quickly because diversity of people and other creoles

because simon basically became a ____________ the other creoles he teamed up with….

dictator, were like we didnt sign up for this we dont uspport you anymore

when napoleon invaved portugal the royal court…

fled to brazil

when the royal family went back to portugal they left…

prince pedro in charge as regent

the creoles asked for independence and….

pedro said yes so they wouldnt overthrow him, he basically got to be emperor and the creoles go to do whatever they wanted

ideology

system of ideals of how many things should be, mainly political

revolutions promtped ____________ __and__ _______________ theories to develop

political and social

conservatism

hesitant to big societal changes, life worked before why change now, pushback to change, mainly richer people

liberalism

more concerned with civil rights and equaility, mailny facotry workers, need to change to evolve,

those who makes changes ______________ like __________ and those who refuse ___________like _______________

survive, japan, decline, china, ottomans

suffrage was common for

bourgeosie not the common folk of minorities def not women

many rulers began to lose power to the ________________- and this meant the end of ______________ and the gradual decline of ____________________

aristocracy/bourgeosie, absolute monarchies, monachries

what went against the enlightenment ideas yet still held relatively strong

slavery

see the start of an ______________ through the world that started with the ________________ ending ________________

abolitionist movement, chirstains, slave trade

women dont really…

gain much from the enlightenment

elizabeth cady stanton and lucretia mutt

led he seneca falls convention for womens rights, ignored and didnt work

nationalism

ones greatest loyalty should be to to nation’s people who share common culture, heritage, beliefs, not to aking

problem with nationalism

leads to issues between different ethnic groups

the rise in nationalism leads to the ______________________ like ______________ because of __________________,

multiethnic empires, ottomans, mughals, there was alot of mistrust and conflict between different groups

after napoleon was removed what occured

the congress of vienna (1814-1815), broke down empire and land given back into royal fams of the area

what 2 countries offically emerge

italy and germany

nationalism creates

tension that continues to build until WWl

zionism

jewish people are a nation and so they desereve a homeland

jews had been deling with presecussion for centuries which caused a …

resurgence of antisemitism in eruope and the middle east

herzel

wrote the judenstaat

judenstaat

pamplet that stated taht only way to prevent jewish persecussion was the mass migration to a jewish homeland

where did the jews start to migrate to and who already resided there leading to alot of tension

palestine, muslim palestinains