Studied by 25 people
evelyn- 235, margo- 140, mackenize- 175, nidhi-215, bailey- 134
what movements encouraged people to think for themselves
renaissance (14th-17th century)
scientific revolution (1500-1700)
scientific revolution was
threat to the church bc it proved the church didnt have all the answers
the church said that the solar system was ___________ so when science discovered that it was actually __________ it dicretied the church and_______________
geocentric, heliocentric, created mistrust and doubt
the enlightenment is what gets some poeple….
questionaing their governmetn and its responsibilities
big changes in how people _________ and different ____________ and their impact on lives
think, societial factors
this clash of _________ ideas led to lots of ______________ (both ________ and _____________ change) in the world
new and old, wars, societal
most englightenment thinkers were _______________ and their ideas resonated with the ______________
french, bourgeusie
bourgeuise
educated middle class, have money, but no political power
the bourgeusie wanted power for themselves and used peasants to achieve their goals of change but…
the peasants were still left without power because the bourguesie’s goals are still elevated to their social class
the enlighenment focused on ___________________________ an there was an empahsis on ______________________ and was a very ______________________ movement
the ideal relationship between people and government, reason and idea of society and government, upper and middle class
the wealthy wanted more….
power and influence in the government
enlightenment thinkers looked at ____________________ and believed in things like _______________ and argued that……….
faults in the traditional institutions like absolute monarchies, natural rights of man, power of the government came from people not god because if the citizens dont listen then the government doesnt have any power
the enlightenment threatened ________ becuase it suggested that ___________ which means that they have to…..
monarchies, individual rights, actually listen to their people
secular
not religous
the world was slowy becoming more ________ and the idea of _____________ emerged
secular, seperation of church and state
philosophers became……
athiest and deist
deist
god created the universe but after that took a step back and doesnt interfere, like a watchmake
popular sovereignity
will of people instead of divine right of kings or mandate of heaven
enlightenment thinkers sought to make ____________________and not god
people responisble for king and vice versa
impact of the enlightenment
end of serdom
end of slave trade
poor people still have terrible conditions in cities
revolutions throughtout the world bc ppl questioning things
further weakend the influence of organized religon
more religous tolerance (no mroe catholic v protestant fighting)
called for more secular views
john locke
idea that people were bo inhertenyl good and that people were a blank slate at birth
believed in a socail contract or the idea that the government has to serve the people in order to continue existings
adam smith
wrote wealth of nations
said that economy should be laissez-faire or that the gov should not regulate the economy
baron de montesquieu
believed in a seperation of power so that no one person became too powerful
voltaire (francois-marie arouet)
attacked the roman catholic church and french monarchy
argued for individual freedom and attacked any institution hat approved of intolerant or oppressive polices
jean- jacques rosseau
said that people allowed the government to exist to protect private property
government should carry out the gerneral will of the people
mary wollstonecraft
wrote vindiction of the rights of women
one fo the major voices of the first feminist movement
agued that women shuld recieve same education as men to prepare women to participate in political and professional society
what did england look at the 13 colonies as and why did they want to keep them
a commercial venture to collect natural resources, mercantalism
salutary nelgect
how england ruled over the colonies, didnt really care whay they did as long as they paid taxes
whenever england would raise taxes on the colonies the colonists would…
freak out and throw a fit because they were used to being left alone
how did england react when the colonists threw fits
they would role back the taxes
things like the stamp act, sugar act, tea act all led to
the declartion of independence being signed
colonists wore britian down after a while with help from the _________ meaning that the american revolution was…
french, the first successful revolution in the modern era
because the french revolution was based of off englightenment principales it was
much more radical than other revolutions
the french revoltion aimed to…
crush the old regime and create new societal structure
why did the french revolution start
lack of representation (bourguesie upset)
lack of food (peasants upset)
high taxes (both upset)
what is a common sign in history that revolt is about to happen
hungry peasants
france was divied into 3 estates or class comprising of
1st estate- clergy
2nd estate- aristocracy/nobility
3rd estate- everyone else, bourgeosie, artisans, merchants, peasants, 99% of the population
what were the 1st and 2nd estates exempt from
paying taxes
each of the estates had _______ so the _____________ was always outnumbered
1 vote, 3rd estate
louis XVI
very stupid
could barely speak french
didnt care for ruling
just wanted to play
terrible at ruling
easy to influence
married to marie antonettie
marie antontenitte
Louis’ wife
just wanted his love
so out of touch with society
never said the cake thing
because of frances _______ louis calls together the ______________
extreme debt, estate generals to raise taxes so more
after the estate general the ________ goes off and __________ and the other 2 estates _______________ and the new ___________________ pledges to hold court on the tennis courts until they are listened to or something meanwhile the _______________________
3rd, forms their own government, lock them out of the palace, government formed by the 3rd estate, peasants still arent getting fed
the peasants are fed up with __________________ so they storm the ____________ and take a bunch of….
high taxes and lack of food, bastille, food and weapons
the great fear
when peasants are going around and killing members of the 2nd estate then raiding their houses for food and leaving their heads on sticks outside their houses when theyre done
during this time englightenement documents like the ___________________________ are drafted but the peasants still….
decleration of rights of men and citizen, arent getting fed which is all they want radical right
louis XVI tried to escape but _____________________________ and is forced to _____________________ and is then found guilty of treason and…..
a bunch of peasants recognize him bc they saw him on money and chased him back to the palace, sign away all his power, guillotined with his wife, kids are just thrown in prison
maximilien robepsierre and jacobin party
make the committe of public safety to keep the people safe
made a secret police so anyone who sai anything about the governement was reported and killed, couldnt trust anyone
tried to make a whole new calendar completely removed from the church so people are more loyal to the government, doesnt work
reign of terror
reign of terror
under robespierre, killed (mostly guillotined) 40,000 people in a year
who takes over after maximilien robspierre and jacobin
directory using a coup d’etat
napolean
part of the coup d’etat
crowns himself emperor of france (church less power)
everyone lets him bc so desperate for stability
the haitian revolution was the only….
sucessful slave revolt in history
the isaldn was spilt into 2 sides
the french controled side adn the spanish
name of spainish side of hispanola
santo domingo
name of french side of hispanola
saint domingue
saint domingue’s major crops were ___________________ which were both ______________ meaning there were many slaves and because of the conditions of the carribean _____________________________
sugar and coffee, intensive, many slaves died often and young so there was a constat supply of new slaves and many more slaves than free people
societal breakdown of saint domingue
whites (abt 40,000)
gen de couler (abt 28,000)
slaves (abt 500,000)
gen de couler
born of slaves and whites, free and have the ability to own slaves and be rich, no political power
whites had all the political power but ________________, the gen de couler’s had alot of money but ___________, the slaves _______________
were scared of being overpowered and felt in danger because they were the minority, political power so they were angry at the whites, just wanted freedom so mad at both
how did the haitian revolution start
slaves killed masters and burned down houses
who joined the slaves helping them gain more and more land
the maroons
toussaint louverture
led the slave revolution
basically in charge
didnt declare independence so they dont have to deal with napoleon
what did france do in hopes of maintaining power
freed all the slaves
louverture sets up a…..
new constitution
when napoleon gets into control he ________________________ and he _____________________ but eventually _______________
sends troops to saint domingue in hopes of returning to salvery and making more profits, captures toussiant who dies in jail, french troops are decimated by yellow fever
in 1803 fomer slaves declare independence and call it
haiti or land of mountains
because of the start of haiti and how thye gained their independence to this day
they have a very unstable and corrupt government
in latin america the __________ want more ___________ because they outnumbered the ______________ and saw themselves superior to the ______________________
creoles, political power, penninsulares, mestizos, indigenous, mulattos, and slaves
the creoles drew from ______________- to form…
the enlightenment ideas that had come from europe, creole dominated republics
because of napoleon spain couldnt _________________
keep control of their colonies and send troops over
miguel hidalgo y custilla
a catholic priest who rallied indigenous people along with mestizos against colonial rule, rilled everyone up to want to be independent
general agustin de hurbide
a creole general that declared independence from spain in 1821 and created an empire that broke down quickly because he did not want help from the mestizos and indigneous people
simon bolivar
led movement for independence but rejected the help of mestizos and mulattos, feared the revolt like in haiti, joined other revolutionaries and desposed of spanish rulers throughout south america
gran columbia
created by simon bolivar, fell apart quickly because diversity of people and other creoles
because simon basically became a ____________ the other creoles he teamed up with….
dictator, were like we didnt sign up for this we dont uspport you anymore
when napoleon invaved portugal the royal court…
fled to brazil
when the royal family went back to portugal they left…
prince pedro in charge as regent
the creoles asked for independence and….
pedro said yes so they wouldnt overthrow him, he basically got to be emperor and the creoles go to do whatever they wanted
ideology
system of ideals of how many things should be, mainly political
revolutions promtped ____________ and _______________ theories to develop
political and social
conservatism
hesitant to big societal changes, life worked before why change now, pushback to change, mainly richer people
liberalism
more concerned with civil rights and equaility, mailny facotry workers, need to change to evolve,
those who makes changes ______________ like __________ and those who refuse ___________like _______________
survive, japan, decline, china, ottomans
suffrage was common for
bourgeosie not the common folk of minorities def not women
many rulers began to lose power to the ________________- and this meant the end of ______________ and the gradual decline of ____________________
aristocracy/bourgeosie, absolute monarchies, monachries
what went against the enlightenment ideas yet still held relatively strong
slavery
see the start of an ______________ through the world that started with the ________________ ending ________________
abolitionist movement, chirstains, slave trade
women dont really…
gain much from the enlightenment
elizabeth cady stanton and lucretia mutt
led he seneca falls convention for womens rights, ignored and didnt work
nationalism
ones greatest loyalty should be to to nation’s people who share common culture, heritage, beliefs, not to aking
problem with nationalism
leads to issues between different ethnic groups
the rise in nationalism leads to the ______________________ like ______________ because of __________________,
multiethnic empires, ottomans, mughals, there was alot of mistrust and conflict between different groups
after napoleon was removed what occured
the congress of vienna (1814-1815), broke down empire and land given back into royal fams of the area
what 2 countries offically emerge
italy and germany
nationalism creates
tension that continues to build until WWl
zionism
jewish people are a nation and so they desereve a homeland
jews had been deling with presecussion for centuries which caused a …
resurgence of antisemitism in eruope and the middle east
herzel
wrote the judenstaat
judenstaat
pamplet that stated taht only way to prevent jewish persecussion was the mass migration to a jewish homeland
where did the jews start to migrate to and who already resided there leading to alot of tension
palestine, muslim palestinains
Note
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