AP World Unit 3 (3-1 to 3-3)

What historical period directly led to the development of the Enlightenment and changed attitudes about politics and society?

The Scientific Revolution

Which Enlightenment thinker challenged Thomas Hobbes and advocated for the concept of the social contract?

John Locke

What was the primary reason the British Parliament placed new taxes on the American colonies in the mid-18th century?

To help finance debts incurred during the Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War)

Which 1776 document issued by the new American government was heavily influenced by Enlightenment philosophies of social contracts and the rights of man?

The Declaration of Independence

What 1823 United States policy established an isolationist "hands off" approach regarding European colonization in the Americas?

The Monroe Doctrine

What was the ultimate goal of the Native American Ghost Dance practiced by Plains and Western tribes?

To drive away white people, end their expansion, and restore Native American traditions

How did the practice of impressment by the British Royal Navy contribute to international conflict?

It involved taking men by force to serve in the navy, leading to the War of 1812 and the American Embargo Act of 1807

Why did King Louis XVI call for a meeting of the Estates General in 1789 after it had not met for 175 years?

He was forced to call the meeting to address tax reform due to massive French debt

Which social estate in France was the only one required to pay taxes despite making up 97% of the population?

The 3rd Estate (Bourgeoisie and Peasants)

What radical revolutionary group led the Reign of Terror and sought to eliminate any monarchy in France?

The Jacobins

How did the 1812 invasion of Russia lead to the downfall of Napoleon Bonaparte?

His forces were defeated primarily by the harsh conditions of the Russian winter

What was the primary purpose of the 1815 Congress of Vienna?

To restore the balance of power between European countries to prevent any single nation from dominating the continent again

What are the four common characteristics that typically define a nation’s sense of nationalism?

Common language, common historical experience, common culture, and common location

Who was the Prime Minister of Prussia that utilized a series of wars to lead the unification of Germany in 1871?

Otto von Bismarck

What was the specific focus of the First Industrial Revolution between 1750 and 1850?

It was a British-led phenomenon focused on textiles, railroads, coal, and steam engines

How did the Enclosure Movement in Britain contribute to the start of the Industrial Revolution?

It privatized common land, concentrating ownership and displacing small farmers who then provided cheap labor for factories

What four factors, represented by the acronym "CELL," were required for successful industrialization?

Capital, Entrepreneurship, Land, and Labor

Who wrote "The Communist Manifesto" and argued that a class struggle between the bourgeoisie and proletariat would lead to a revolution?

Karl Marx

What was the primary goal of the "first-wave" feminist movement that emerged by the early 1900s?

Women’s suffrage, or the right to vote

How did 19th-century Romanticism in art and literature differ from Enlightenment thought?

It emphasized emotion, passion, and the human experience over reason, science, and rationality

How did the Industrial Revolution drive the "Scramble for Colonies" among European powers?

It created an urgent need for new markets to sell goods and new raw materials to fuel production

What is the difference between Political Imperialism and Economic Imperialism?

Political imperialism involves weakening traditional power structures via diplomacy or force, while economic imperialism focuses on financial control of trade and commerce

How does a "Tropical Dependency" colony differ from a "Settlement Colony"?

In tropical dependencies, a few Europeans rule many non-Westerners to exploit resources; in settlement colonies, large European populations live and stay permanently

Why did the British East India Company become seriously interested in India during the decline of the Mughal Empire?

They took advantage of disputes between regional princes (nawabs) to act as facilitators and gain influence

What specific event in 1857 led to the dissolution of the British East India Company and the start of the British Raj?

The Sepoy Rebellion, a revolt by Indian soldiers in the British army

How did the British Raj manage the rule of Indian princes?

Princes were allowed to rule their own territories as long as they remained under British supervision and answered to the Raj

What was the primary reason for the birth of the Indian nationalist movement among Western-educated Indians?

They felt excluded and racially marginalized by the British despite being as educated as Englishmen

What was the major outcome of the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 organized by Otto von Bismarck?

Africa was partitioned into colonies for European powers without the presence or concern of any African representatives

Which European monarch's personal exploitation of the Congo for rubber led to the deaths of approximately ten million Congolese people?

King Leopold II of Belgium

Who was Shaka Zulu and what was his role in southern Africa?

He was the leader of the Zulu Kingdom who created a militaristic state and began the African Unification Process

What was the significance of the Boer War (1899-1902) in South Africa?

It was a conflict between the British and Dutch settlers (Boers) over gold and diamonds, resulting in a British victory and the creation of the Union of South Africa

What was the goal of Ashanti Queen Yaa Asantewaa during the War of the Golden Stool?

To reclaim independence from the British and protect the Golden Stool, an emblem of her community

How did the Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement in southern Africa unintentionally help imperialists?

The movement led to the killing of 350,000 cattle, which sparked a massive famine and weakened native resistance

How did European colonial governments force free Africans to work on plantations?

They imposed tax systems that had to be paid in cash or cash crops, requiring Africans to work for the colonists to earn money

What was the "White Australia policy" established in 1901?

A policy that forbade people of non-European origin from immigrating to Australia

How did the arrival of Europeans in the 1790s affect the Maori society in New Zealand?

It introduced alcoholism, prostitution, and modern weapons, making Maori society more violent and causing population loss from disease

What were the New Zealand Wars (1845-1872)?

A series of wars between the Maori and British colonizers that resulted from Maori nationalism and land disputes

How did American companies eventually lead the United States to annex Hawaii in 1898?

They established pineapple and sugar plantations, and when disorder threatened their investments, they requested US annexation

What is Social Darwinism and how was it used to justify imperialism?

It is the incorrect application of "natural selection" to race, used to argue that white racial supremacy made European conquest of other societies beneficial

What was the core message of Rudyard Kipling’s poem "The White Man’s Burden"?

That Europeans had a moral duty to "civilize" non-Westerners, whom he described as "half-devil and half-child"

Which 1807 European event served as a major trigger for Latin American independence movements?

Napoleon’s French invasion of Portugal and Spain

What was unique about the outcome of the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)?

It was the first time in world history where black slaves successfully rebelled and declared an independent republic

Who was the free black man who led the successful slave rebellion in Haiti?

Toussaint L’Overture

Why did Father Miguel de Hidalgo lose the support of Creoles during the early Mexican rebellion against Spain?

He urged mestizos and Indians to join the rebellion, which concerned the Creole elites

What happened to Mexico’s government in 1824 after the collapse of Augustín de Iturbide’s empire?

The empire collapsed, Iturbide was executed, and the Republic of Mexico was created

How did the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) impact Mexico's territory?

Mexico lost half of its territory to the United States under the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

What was "La Reforma" in mid-19th century Mexico?

A liberal revolt led by Benito Juárez that resulted in a new constitution and liberal measures

Why did the Second Mexican Empire (1864-1867) under Maximilian von Hapsburg eventually fail?

Maximilian angered both conservatives and liberals, and he was executed after French troops withdrew

Who was Simon Bolívar and what was his primary military achievement?

He was a wealthy Creole officer who led the independence movement that liberated the Viceroyalty of New Granada from Spain

What was the result of the fragmentation of Bolívar's "Gran Colombia" in 1830?

It split into three independent nations

Who led the independence movements in the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata (modern-day Argentina, Chile, and Peru)?

José de San Martín

Why did the Portuguese royal family move their capital to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1807?

They were fleeing Napoleon’s invasion of Portugal

How was Brazilian independence different from other Latin American revolutions?

It was declared by a member of the existing royal family, Dom Pedro I, who became a constitutional emperor

What crop dominated 60% of the Brazilian economy by the mid-19th century and led to the intensification of slavery?

Coffee

In the context of 19th-century Latin American politics, who were the "Caudillos"?

Independent military leaders who rose to power during times of instability and began a trend of military involvement in government

What was the main ideological difference between Centralists and Federalists in new Latin American nations?

Centralists wanted a strong national government with broad powers, while Federalists wanted regional autonomy and local tax control

Why did capitalist markets develop slowly in Latin America despite global trade?

Latin American elites benefited so much from raw material exports and foreign loans that they did not prioritize domestic industrial growth

What was the "Great Boom" (1880-1920) in Latin America?

A period of massive economic and urban growth fueled by exports, foreign investment, and immigrants from Europe, India, and China

How did "Yellow Journalism" contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War in 1898?

US newspapers used the explosion of the USS Maine to whip up public anger against Spain with slogans like "Remember the Maine"

Who was Lola Rodríguez de Tió and what was her contribution to the Caribbean?

She was a Puerto Rican poet and activist who wrote lyrics and poetry to promote Puerto Rican and Cuban independence