LIPIDS

LIPIDS

LIPIDS

a family of substances that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents and solvents of low polarity, such as diethyl ether.

Storage, membrane Components, Messenger

function of lipids

structure of lipids

1. simple lipids (fats and waxes)

2. complex lipids

3. steroids

4. prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.

Saturated Fatty Acids

• Fatty acid with a carbon chain in which all C-C bonds are single bonds

• Numbering starts from the end of -COOH group

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

• A monounsaturated fatty acid is a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which one carbon–carbon double bond is present.

• Different ways of depicting the structure

UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs)

• A polyunsaturated fatty acid is a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which two or

more carbon–carbon double bonds are present.

Omega-3 fatty acids and Omega (ω)-6 fatty acid

•Two types of unsaturated fatty acids.

Omega-3 fatty acids

- An unsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond three carbon atoms away from its methyl end.

Omega -6 fatty acid

is an unsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond six carbon atoms away from its methyl end.

linoleic acid deficiency

solubility , solubility

short fatty acid have some — whereas long fatty acids are solubility —

increase

the number of bend in a fatty acids chain — as the number of double bond increase

Triglycerides

— are triesters of glycerol and long-chain carboxylic acids called fatty acids.

esterified

In triglycerides (also called triacylglycerols), all three hydroxyl groups of glycerol are —-. Thus a typical triglyceride molecule might be:

Simple Triacylglycerols:

— Three identical fatty acids ar esterified. Naturally occurring simple triacylglycerols are rare

Mixed Triacylglycerols

: A triester formed from theesterification of glycerol with more than one kind of fatty acid

Example of a Simple Triacylglycerol

Example of a Mixed Triacylglycerol

fat

a mixture of triglycerides containing a high proportion of lonh chain saturated fatty acid

oil

a mixture of triglycerides containing a high proportion of long-chain unsaturated fatty acid or short chainn saturate fatty acid

soaps

base-promoted hydrolysis of fats and oils producing glycerol and

a mixture of fatty acid salts called —

glycerophospholipid

• A — is a lipid that contains two fatty acids and a phosphate group esterified to a

glycerol molecule and an alcohol esterified to the phosphate group.

ester linkages

• All attachments (bonds) between groups in a glycerophospholipid are —

four ester linkages

Glycerophospholipids have — as contrasted to three ester linkages in triacylglycerols

SPHINGOLIPIDS

GLYCOLIPIDS

steroids

● the third major class of lipids which are compounds containing the following

ring system:

STEROIDS

Cholesterol

● The most abundant steroid in the human body, and the most important, is

good cholesterol

(“— ”), which consists of about 33% protein and about 30% cholesterol

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

“bad cholesterol

(— ”), which contains only 25% protein but 50% cholesterol

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

Lipoproteins

Carriers of Cholesterol

Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)

, which mostly carries triglycerides (fats) synthesized by the liver

Chylomicrons

—, which carry dietary lipids and TAG synthesized in the intestines

eicosanoid

are paracrine hormone that act on cells near their point of synthesis to affect inflammation blood clotting gastric acid secretion

derived from arachidonic acud

bile

produce by livers, stored in the gall bladder and secreted into the intestine

bile salt

an emulsifying agent that makes dietary lipid soluble in the aquaeos environment of the digestive tract

important constituent of human bile

hormones

chemical messenger secreted by specific gland and carried by blood to a target tissue where it triggers a particular response

communication between various tissue

cns

hormone together with — are regulator of body reaction like metabolism, gowth

high blood cholesterol

is a condition which you have too much cholesterol in your blood

atherosclerosis

coronary heart disease in which plaque build up inside the coronary heart

HDL

transport cholesteror from peripheral tissue to the liver

ldl

carry cholesterol to peripheral tissue and help regulate cholesterol leel in those tissue

1 gram

liver synthesize — of chlesteros everyday

animal fat

lot of cholesterol

plant

no cholesterol

cholesterol

best known and most abundant steriod in the body

bile, solid

cholesterol name derive from greek chole means —and steros

steroids

complex derivatives of triterpenes

wax

complex misture of nonpolar lipids

protective coating

serve energy and water repellent

spingomyelin

function primarily in the brain and nerve tissue

found in cell membrane

essential in proper cerebral function

gylcolipids

occur primarily in the brain

composed of shingosine

reside in the cell membrane

sphingolipids

derive from sphingosine

derivative of ceramiude

sphingosine and a fatty acid