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what were pitts foreign policy aims?
ending isolation
promoting trade
preventing a quadrouple alliance
stopping french control of the netherlands
how did pitt end isolation? why was britain isolated in first place? what was formed against britian when and who? when was the ottoman empire formed?
war against americas led to war with france and britain was defeated
many european countries turned on britain
armed neutrality formed against britain 1780 which consisted of russia, baltic, denmark and sweden
1782 the ottoman empire had formed and was dangerous to britain
-eden treaty 1786
-trade treaty 1785 with united provinces
-british policies stop french control of low countries
why was promoting trade important to pitt? how did he do this?
pitt wanted free trade and to use trade to boost british economy
he wanted to make agreements with other country to promote trade
made sure that britain did not go further into debt
eden treaty 1786
1785 united provinces trade agreement but never actually happened
How was the quadrouple allience prevented? who was it between? why was it bad for britain?
allience between russia austria france and spain
would threaten britains position and empire
pitt does little to actually prevent this and it was mainly due to internal squabbles between austria and russia and the tension between them, france and spain also fall out over nootka sound in 1789-1790 when france doesnt back spain up so the allience was unlikely
how was french control over the netherlands prevented? when? why was it important for britain?
foreign control of the netherlands would mean that britain wouldnt be able to trade with europe and the english channel could be dominated and they could invade britain
the patriots in the united provincesosed huge threat to britain and they were pro french, if they succeeded against the house of orange then they would ally with france and control the netherlands.
pitt used navy to scare france and gave money and ammunition to the prussians who sent 20,000 troops
prussians defeat patriots and france do not intervene
britain signs defensive allience with house of orange and prussia in 1788 - the triple allience
what was so good about the navy under pitt?
the reforms made meant that it was in a position to win
it was stocked with men
what and when were the quota acts?
1795, meant navy get sufficient men
what and when was cape st vincent?
1797, britain blockade spanish fleet in cadiz
what and when was the nile battle?
1795, protected british trade in india and also asserted british supremacy in the seas
what and when was rhe battle of traffalgar?
1805, britain defeats france and spain and assert their dominance over the seas for the future
what are the details of pitts limited deployment of force as war minister?
enemy ships captured led to considerable financial gain
seizure of french colonies in the west indies, tobago and santa lucia 1795,97 meant that naval ppower was used to increase wealth
britain subsidised austria and prussia £9m in 1793-1802
when was the 1st coalition? who? did it succeed?
1792-97, holland, spain, austria, prussia, pleamont and britain
no real strategy, pitt gave large subsides
autumn 1793 was brief british occupation of french port
£4.6m goes to austria in 1795
failure as they were still unable to defeat france
2nd coalition?
1798-1802
russia austria britain ottoman empire portugal and naples
britain were suspicious of russia so russia pulled out
poor relations weakened the effort against france - failure
3rd coalition?
1805-6, britain austria russia naples sicily and sweden
napoleon defeated all of britains allies and britain was isolated again, failure
what part did britain play in the defeat of napoleon? 4 things
naval power
economic blockade
the peninsular war 1808-14
british diplomacy
how did naval power help britain defeat napoleon? how was it limited? what was navy inc to and from in 1793 too 1801
kept br in war with fr and without naval superiority br couldve not have been involved with the peninsular war
br couldve never defeated fr with navy alone and needed significant victories eg trafalgar 1805 prevented napoleon from invading britain and also allowed blockades
british gov inc size of navy from 15000 in 1793 to 133,000 in 1801
what does the navy do at the battle of copenhagen and when?
the danish fleet is sunken in 1807
how did economic blockade help britain defeat napoleon?
after trafagar br use victory to blockade the fr and this hurt the fr war efforts
led to the continental system and this caused anger in the countries it was done in
br respond with stop search and seize in 1807 - gained wealth by searching neutral ships
how was british diplomacy used to defeat napoleon? why was it limited? issue with 3rd coalition? 4th? 5th?
lack of coordination in coalitions and strategy
3rd coalition only lasted 4 months
4th coalition between br, prussia and saxony 1806-7 defeated at battle of pressburg and jena
5th coalition 1809 britain and austria - wellington liberates portugal
how many men were fighting in peninsular war 1808-14?
60,000 british troops but majority of the soliders spanish or portugese
how much did britain spend on peninsular war?
£18m
how did peninsular war end? how was napoleon finally defeated
napoleon defeated in 1814
after the br army invade france through spain
br took advantage of napoleons invasion of russia in 1812 and won battle of victoria in june 1813
wellingtons troops defeat fr june 1913 and by march 1914 paris was captured and napoleon was forced to abdicate
how does castlereagh help defeat napoleon? how many troops does he send to spain and when? when does he make peace with usa under what treaty? what does he do with the 6th coalition?
he rejects negotiation and continues fighting as negotiating would not lead to long lasting peace
he takes action and sent 20,000 soldiers in june 1812 to spain
1814 he made peace with usa to stop the war in the treaty of ghent
march 1914c he negotiated with 6th coalition allies make new agreements signed at the treaty of chairmont - he gave £26m
when and what happened at the congress of vienna? what does br gain? what happened to france? what was set up?
1815, meeting european ambassadors to try and bring a long term peace settlement
britain gain colonial possessions in return of huge amounts of money - malta, tobago, sri lanka
france contained and lost all land it gained in war
belgium given up by austria and became part of the netherlands
powers agree to hold more congresses in future - the congress system
what was a negative outcome of vienna?
the holy allience was created between russia austria and prussia - absolute monarchs
what and when was aix la chappelle?
1818, fr monarchy was admitted and powers discuess denmark sweden - resolved
there was disagreements with tsar alexander who wanted to create a standing army
when was troppau and laibach? what were the + and - ?
troppau 1820, laibach 1821
no +
-were that monarchs wanted to crush the rebellion in greece and italy and naples, br was drifting from the absolute monarchs
what and when was verona? what happened?
1822, no +
castlereagh commits suicide after facing blackmail over homosexuality
what happens to spain in 1820? who wants to get involved?
revolution which established a constitutional monarchy - fr, russia and prussia want to get involved to turn spain into an absolute monarchy
what does canning to with the relationship with metternich the australian chancellor?
ruins it so austria stops opposing intervention in spain
what happens in 1823 to spain that went against cannings interests?
france armies invade spain and restore ferdinand vii to absolute power
why can cannings actions in spain be said to be liberal? was. ita success or failure?
he refused to work with absolute monarchs
failure as spain was set as an absolute monarchy
what happened in portugal and when? liberal or not? success or failure?
1824, liberal success
portugal established a constitutional monarchy in 1822 and canning sent 5000 marines to lisbon in 1824 to show to the absolure monacrhs that they would protect an ally and constitutional monarchy
success as the anbsolute monarchs did not intervene
however cannings motives were not liberal and mainly about trade
what happened with canning and the usa ? when ? liberal or not? success or not?
1825, reactionary failure
castlereagh built up good relations with usa
canning takes a harder line and he disliked monroe doctrine he critisised it and broke trade links
what happened in south america with canning and when? liberal or not? success or failure?
1825, liberal success
canning refused to help spain regain colonies in south america
he put br interests first and 1825 br recognises that collumbia,mexico and rio del plata were independant
canning could then be able to block any spanish moves to restablish control
canning moves appear. tobe liberal but more about limiting powers
what and when was the greek revolt? liberal or not? success or failure?
1827, liberal success
revolt was against the ottoman empire and cannings worry was the russians may get involved and extend their influence
1827 canning signs treaty with russia to agree to support greek independance
oct 1827 the russian and baltic fleets detroy the ottoman fleet at the battle of navarino