PTP - 3 Foreign Policy

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36 Terms

1
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what were pitts foreign policy aims?

ending isolation

promoting trade

preventing a quadrouple alliance

stopping french control of the netherlands

2
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how did pitt end isolation? why was britain isolated in first place? what was formed against britian when and who? when was the ottoman empire formed?

war against americas led to war with france and britain was defeated

many european countries turned on britain

armed neutrality formed against britain 1780 which consisted of russia, baltic, denmark and sweden

1782 the ottoman empire had formed and was dangerous to britain

-eden treaty 1786

-trade treaty 1785 with united provinces

-british policies stop french control of low countries

3
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why was promoting trade important to pitt? how did he do this?

pitt wanted free trade and to use trade to boost british economy

he wanted to make agreements with other country to promote trade

made sure that britain did not go further into debt

eden treaty 1786

1785 united provinces trade agreement but never actually happened

4
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How was the quadrouple allience prevented? who was it between? why was it bad for britain?

allience between russia austria france and spain

would threaten britains position and empire

pitt does little to actually prevent this and it was mainly due to internal squabbles between austria and russia and the tension between them, france and spain also fall out over nootka sound in 1789-1790 when france doesnt back spain up so the allience was unlikely

5
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how was french control over the netherlands prevented? when? why was it important for britain?

foreign control of the netherlands would mean that britain wouldnt be able to trade with europe and the english channel could be dominated and they could invade britain

the patriots in the united provincesosed huge threat to britain and they were pro french, if they succeeded against the house of orange then they would ally with france and control the netherlands.

pitt used navy to scare france and gave money and ammunition to the prussians who sent 20,000 troops

prussians defeat patriots and france do not intervene

britain signs defensive allience with house of orange and prussia in 1788 - the triple allience

6
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what was so good about the navy under pitt?

the reforms made meant that it was in a position to win

it was stocked with men

7
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what and when were the quota acts?

1795, meant navy get sufficient men

8
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what and when was cape st vincent?

1797, britain blockade spanish fleet in cadiz

9
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what and when was the nile battle?

1795, protected british trade in india and also asserted british supremacy in the seas

10
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what and when was rhe battle of traffalgar?

1805, britain defeats france and spain and assert their dominance over the seas for the future

11
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what are the details of pitts limited deployment of force as war minister?

enemy ships captured led to considerable financial gain

seizure of french colonies in the west indies, tobago and santa lucia 1795,97 meant that naval ppower was used to increase wealth

britain subsidised austria and prussia £9m in 1793-1802

12
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when was the 1st coalition? who? did it succeed?

1792-97, holland, spain, austria, prussia, pleamont and britain

no real strategy, pitt gave large subsides

autumn 1793 was brief british occupation of french port

£4.6m goes to austria in 1795

failure as they were still unable to defeat france

13
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2nd coalition?

1798-1802

russia austria britain ottoman empire portugal and naples

britain were suspicious of russia so russia pulled out

poor relations weakened the effort against france - failure

14
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3rd coalition?

1805-6, britain austria russia naples sicily and sweden

napoleon defeated all of britains allies and britain was isolated again, failure

15
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what part did britain play in the defeat of napoleon? 4 things

naval power

economic blockade

the peninsular war 1808-14

british diplomacy

16
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how did naval power help britain defeat napoleon? how was it limited? what was navy inc to and from in 1793 too 1801

kept br in war with fr and without naval superiority br couldve not have been involved with the peninsular war

br couldve never defeated fr with navy alone and needed significant victories eg trafalgar 1805 prevented napoleon from invading britain and also allowed blockades

british gov inc size of navy from 15000 in 1793 to 133,000 in 1801

17
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what does the navy do at the battle of copenhagen and when?

the danish fleet is sunken in 1807

18
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how did economic blockade help britain defeat napoleon?

after trafagar br use victory to blockade the fr and this hurt the fr war efforts

led to the continental system and this caused anger in the countries it was done in

br respond with stop search and seize in 1807 - gained wealth by searching neutral ships

19
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how was british diplomacy used to defeat napoleon? why was it limited? issue with 3rd coalition? 4th? 5th?

lack of coordination in coalitions and strategy

3rd coalition only lasted 4 months

4th coalition between br, prussia and saxony 1806-7 defeated at battle of pressburg and jena

5th coalition 1809 britain and austria - wellington liberates portugal

20
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how many men were fighting in peninsular war 1808-14?

60,000 british troops but majority of the soliders spanish or portugese

21
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how much did britain spend on peninsular war?

£18m

22
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how did peninsular war end? how was napoleon finally defeated

napoleon defeated in 1814

after the br army invade france through spain

br took advantage of napoleons invasion of russia in 1812 and won battle of victoria in june 1813

wellingtons troops defeat fr june 1913 and by march 1914 paris was captured and napoleon was forced to abdicate

23
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how does castlereagh help defeat napoleon? how many troops does he send to spain and when? when does he make peace with usa under what treaty? what does he do with the 6th coalition?

he rejects negotiation and continues fighting as negotiating would not lead to long lasting peace

he takes action and sent 20,000 soldiers in june 1812 to spain

1814 he made peace with usa to stop the war in the treaty of ghent

march 1914c he negotiated with 6th coalition allies make new agreements signed at the treaty of chairmont - he gave £26m

24
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when and what happened at the congress of vienna? what does br gain? what happened to france? what was set up?

1815, meeting european ambassadors to try and bring a long term peace settlement

britain gain colonial possessions in return of huge amounts of money - malta, tobago, sri lanka

france contained and lost all land it gained in war

belgium given up by austria and became part of the netherlands

powers agree to hold more congresses in future - the congress system

25
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what was a negative outcome of vienna?

the holy allience was created between russia austria and prussia - absolute monarchs

26
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what and when was aix la chappelle?

1818, fr monarchy was admitted and powers discuess denmark sweden - resolved

there was disagreements with tsar alexander who wanted to create a standing army

27
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when was troppau and laibach? what were the + and - ?

troppau 1820, laibach 1821

no +

-were that monarchs wanted to crush the rebellion in greece and italy and naples, br was drifting from the absolute monarchs

28
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what and when was verona? what happened?

1822, no +

castlereagh commits suicide after facing blackmail over homosexuality

29
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what happens to spain in 1820? who wants to get involved?

revolution which established a constitutional monarchy - fr, russia and prussia want to get involved to turn spain into an absolute monarchy

30
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what does canning to with the relationship with metternich the australian chancellor?

ruins it so austria stops opposing intervention in spain

31
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what happens in 1823 to spain that went against cannings interests?

france armies invade spain and restore ferdinand vii to absolute power

32
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why can cannings actions in spain be said to be liberal? was. ita success or failure?

he refused to work with absolute monarchs

failure as spain was set as an absolute monarchy

33
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what happened in portugal and when? liberal or not? success or failure?

1824, liberal success

portugal established a constitutional monarchy in 1822 and canning sent 5000 marines to lisbon in 1824 to show to the absolure monacrhs that they would protect an ally and constitutional monarchy

success as the anbsolute monarchs did not intervene

however cannings motives were not liberal and mainly about trade

34
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what happened with canning and the usa ? when ? liberal or not? success or not?

1825, reactionary failure

castlereagh built up good relations with usa

canning takes a harder line and he disliked monroe doctrine he critisised it and broke trade links

35
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what happened in south america with canning and when? liberal or not? success or failure?

1825, liberal success

canning refused to help spain regain colonies in south america

he put br interests first and 1825 br recognises that collumbia,mexico and rio del plata were independant

canning could then be able to block any spanish moves to restablish control

canning moves appear. tobe liberal but more about limiting powers

36
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what and when was the greek revolt? liberal or not? success or failure?

1827, liberal success

revolt was against the ottoman empire and cannings worry was the russians may get involved and extend their influence

1827 canning signs treaty with russia to agree to support greek independance

oct 1827 the russian and baltic fleets detroy the ottoman fleet at the battle of navarino