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A government led by a single person, such as a king or queen.
Monarchy
A system where the power to govern is vested in the people, either directly or through elected representatives.
Democracy
A form of government where a single leader or a small group holds significant power with few limits.
Authoritarianism
An extreme form of authoritarianism where the government controls all aspects of public and private life.
Totalitarianism
Inalienable rights including life, liberty, and property as argued by John Locke.
Natural Rights
The division of government power into branches to prevent tyranny, advocated by Montesquieu.
Separation of Powers
The belief that legitimate government is based on an agreement between the people and the rulers, as proposed by Rousseau.
Social Contract
An uprising of farmers in Massachusetts that highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.
Shays' Rebellion
The first constitution of the United States, creating a weak central government.
The Articles of Confederation
Supporters of the Constitution who advocated for a stronger national government.
Federalists
Opponents of the Constitution who feared a strong central government would infringe on states’ rights.
Anti-Federalists
The first ten amendments to the Constitution added to protect individual liberties and limit government power.
Bill of Rights
A system of government where power is divided between a national government and state governments.
Federalism
A type of federalism where the federal and state governments operate in their own distinct spheres.
Dual Federalism
A type of federalism where federal and state governments work together to address complex issues.
Cooperative Federalism
Powers specifically granted to Congress by the Constitution.
Enumerated Powers
States that powers not granted to the federal government are reserved for the states or the people.
10th Amendment
States that the U.S. Constitution and federal laws take precedence over state laws.
Supremacy Clause
The process by which the Bill of Rights has been applied to the states through the 14th Amendment.
Incorporation Doctrine
A standard for restricting speech that incites violence, as determined in Schenck v. United States.
Clear and Present Danger
Rights that police must inform suspects of, including the right to remain silent and to have an attorney.
Miranda Rights
An inferred right from various amendments, not explicitly stated in the Constitution.
Right to Privacy
Freedoms that protect individuals from government interference, primarily found in the Bill of Rights.
Civil Liberties
The 1st Amendment right that guarantees individuals the freedom of speech and the press.
Freedom of Expression
Nonverbal communication protected by the 1st Amendment.
Symbolic Speech
Harmful false statements about an individual, constituting unprotected speech.
Defamation
Legal rule that prevents illegally obtained evidence from being used in court.
Exclusionary Rule
Funds provided by the federal government to states for specific purposes.
Categorical Grants
More general funds provided to states with fewer specific conditions.
Block Grants
Membership in a political community that provides legal rights and carries participation responsibilities.
What is Citizenship?
Understanding the rules and processes that govern institutions, and how these apply to individual lives.
Political Knowledge
The belief that citizens can affect government actions through voting, lobbying, or protesting.
Political Efficacy
False information shared intentionally to achieve a political goal.
Disinformation
Law that allowed only free white people to become citizens, not lifted until 1870.
Naturalization Act of 1790
Supreme Court ruling that guaranteed access to K-12 education regardless of citizenship status.
Plyler v Doe (1982)
Legislation that outlawed segregation and discrimination in public places.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The values and beliefs widely held about government operations.
Political Culture
Personal and economic freedom as fundamental values in American political thought.
Liberty
An economic system where the government exerts little control over commerce.
Laissez-faire Capitalism
The belief that everyone deserves a fair chance to succeed based on their talents.
Equality of Opportunity
Considered the ultimate goal of good government, as stated by Madison.
Justice in the Constitution
Supreme Court ruling that legalized same-sex marriage in the U.S.
Obergefell v Hodges (2015)
Strong allegiance to a political party, influencing political beliefs and actions.
Partisanship
Principles of liberty, equality, human rights, representative government, and private property.
American Creed
The process where nonwhite individuals adopt white European cultures to integrate into society.
Cultural Assimilation in America
Fair distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges in a society.
Social Justice
Legislation that established a national origins quota system for immigration.
Immigration Act of 1924
Law that recognized Native Americans as U.S. citizens.
Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
Law that prohibited Chinese laborers from immigrating to the U.S. until lifted in 1943.
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
The feeling of empowerment that individuals have to influence government decision-making.
Agency Among Citizens
The influence and ability of citizens to unify around issues affecting their communities.
Social Power
the protections against government actions that violate individual freedoms.
Civil Liberties
protections against discrimination and unequal treatment, ensuring individuals can participate equally in society.
Civil Rights
consists of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, serving as the foundational framework for protecting civil liberties.
Bill of Rights
the process by which the Supreme Court has gradually applied protections in the Bill of Rights to the states on a case-by-case basis.
Selective Incorporation
guarantees freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petitioning the government.
First Amendment
a fundamental concept inferred from various amendments, protecting personal autonomy and decisions.
Right to Privacy
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
established the constitutional right to privacy in the context of birth control?
extended privacy rights to a woman's decision to have an abortion.
Roe v Wade 1973
prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment, education, and public accommodations.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
mandates that no state shall deny any person the equal protection of the laws.
Equal Protection Clause
declared school segregation unconstitutional.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
legalized same-sex marriage nationwide.
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
a landmark law ensuring equal access for people with disabilities to employment, transportation, and public accommodations.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990
The balance between national security and individual rights, particularly related to the Patriot Act and surveillance.
What contemporary issue raises concerns about civil liberties post-9/11?
Note 
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