ap world history 1 - 2

Baghdad

Capital of Iraq

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

-Persian scholar
-Accepted evolution
-Discussed variation, and kinship of nonliving matter, plants, and animals

Abbasid dynasty

From 750-1258 this was the 3rd dyansty of the Islamic Caliphate. They built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphate. Were overthrown by Mongols.

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.

Mamluks

Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. They eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)

Ottoman Turks

Turkish group ruled by the Ottoman dynasty; formed an empire that lasted from about 1300 to 1922. The group that proved to be the greatest threat to the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century.

Middle Ages

The time between the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century AD and the beginning of the Renaissance in the fourteenth century.

primogeniture

right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son

William the Conqueror

duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England

Magna Carta

a document constituting a fundamental guarantee of rights and privileges.

King Hugh Capet

king who ruled small area around Paris in 987 - foundation to France

Joan of Arc

French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king

Hundred Years War

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.

Queen Isabella

Queen of spain who gave colombus the ships and sailors to sail to the new world

Ferdinand

marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World

Spanish Inquisition

An organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion instead of Roman Catholicism.

Tatars

Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th century; left Russian church and aristocracy intact.

Czar

A Russian emperor

Ivan the Terrible

first czar of Russia, known for cruelty and being constantly at war

The Ming Dynasty

A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia

Delhi Sultanate

The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi.

Rajput Kingdoms

Collection of kingdoms created by the Huns in northern India

Khmer Empire

The most powerful and longest-lasting kingdom on the mainland of southwest Asia, centering in what is today Cambodia.

Angor Wat

Huge temple complex the Khmer built in the 1100s located in Cambodia.

Hausa

West African people who lived in several city-states of what is now northern Nigeria

Tenochitlan

Aztec capital

Temple of the Sun

Inca religious center located at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas

Machu Picchu

Abandoned city high in the Andes mountains that showcases the architectural genius of the Inca

Burghers

Merchant class town dwellers

Hanseatic Leagues

attempted to monopolize the entire commerce of northern Europe untill the leage's dissolution during the 1600's

Scolasticism

A medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason

Crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Heresies

beliefs said to be contrary to official church teachings

Pope Innocent III

(c. 1160-1216) one of the most powerful and influential popes in history; exerted wide influence over the Christian regimes of Europe, claiming supremacy. Called upon Christian forces to begin The Fourth Crusade (crusaders ended up sacking Constantinople)

Inquisition

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.

Universal Church

A church that includes all members of a society

Church Militant

The members of the Church on earth.

Thomas Aquinas

(Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology

Genghis Khan

Also known as Temujin; he united the Mongol tribes into an unstoppable fighting force; created largest single land empire in history.

Mongol Empire

Largest land empire in the history of the world, spanning from Eastern Europe across Asia.

Golden Horde

Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde.

Timur Lane

burned the powerful city of baghdad;crushed the ottoman forces at the battle of ankara;halted the expansion of their empire

Mansa Musa

Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.

Indian Ocean Trade

connected to Europe, Africa, and China.; worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid Muslim expansion.

Great Zimbabwe

City, now in ruins, whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.

Bubonic Plague

disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism. Rats, fleas.

Kashgar and Samarkland

central trading points where the Eastern and Western Silk Roads met.

Xuanzang

Chinese-Buddhist monk who traveled to India to learn Indian Buddhism

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.

Margery Kempe

Wrote a book about her travels to religious sites throughout Europe and the Holy Land.

Kublai Khan

Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.