Evolution by Natural Selection

According to Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace, the evolution of populations over generations is the product and…

Natural selection is the process

Antibiotics-resistant bacteria

Antiviral drug-resistant viruses

Disease vectors resistant to pesticides

Crop pests resistant to pesticides

These are results from the relevance of…

Natural Selection

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace proposed that the evolution of populations over generations is caused by which process?

Natural Selection

What is required for a population to evolve by natural selection over generations?

Some individuals have alleles that improve reproduction in the current environment.

Some alleles in a population always increase in frequency in future generations of the populations. These alleles always…

Increase the ability to reproduce in the current environment

Prescribing antibiotics to patients infected with viruses

Prescribing antibiotics to patients infected with pathogenic fungi (Yeast Infections)

Prescribing antibiotics to patients without a bacterial infection

These practices have contributed to what that effect humans?

The increased frequency of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria

Hunters prefer deer that have larger antlers. This preference has favored the evolution of deer populations whose males have…

Smaller antlers

Anglers prefer larger tuna. This preference has favored the evolution of tuna populations with…

Smaller body size

Dolphins, fish, and sharks have similar shapes that enable efficient swimming.

This is an example of?

Convergent (Parallel) evolution in nature

Which two individuals proposed that natural selection is the process that drives the evolution of populations over generations?

Charles Darwin & Alfred Wallace

___ ___ individuals in an insect population have different alleles that code for different traits.

Genetically-diverse

Due to the evolution of drug-resistance by natural selection, alleles coding for drug resistance will do what?

Increase in frequency in future generations of the virus population.

Antibiotics ___ bacteria or ___ reproduction.

destroy, reduce

___ also use ___ to communicate about…

Favorable environments (Food)

Harmful stimuli (Predators & toxins)

Movement (Motility)

Bacteria, antibiotics

Some bacteria in a population have an antibiotic resistance allele. What’s the difference between bacteria with this allele versus bacteria without?

Bacteria with the resistance allele will reproduce better than bacteria without the allele upon antibiotic exposure.

How will bacteria with an antibiotic resistant allele impact the future?

The frequencies of the antibiotic-resistance allele & the antibiotic resistant trait will increase in future generations.

What are ways to reduce the rate of antibiotic resistance evolution?

Prescribe antibiotics to patients with bacteria infections only & do not use antibiotics used to treat human bacteria infections to treat livestock, orchard trees, or pests with bacterial infections.

There are three patients. One has a fungus infection, one has a protozoa infection, and one has a virus infection. The doctor prescribes each patient an antibiotic. Did the doctor make the best medical decision? Explain.

No! Antibiotics should only be prescribed to patients with bacteria infections to reduce the rate of antibiotic resistance evolution.

Humans affect the ___ ___ of many species.

Natural selection

What has occurred over generations that has transformed wild animals into domesticated animals for specific purposes (e.g., cancer detection, protection, therapy, etc.)?

Selective breeding (artificial selection)

Our ancestors used selective breeding over generations to transform ___ ___ into ___ ___ for drugs, dyes, fiber (nets, rope, wood). and food.

Wild plants; domesticated plants

Humans affect natural selection in wild populations. How has hunting caused the evolution of sheep, deer, and elk?

Bighorn sheep populations now have males with smaller horns; deer & elk populations now have males with smaller antlers.

Poachers drive natural selection in wild populations. Illegal hunting has caused the evolution of female African elephant without what?

Tusks

Humans drive natural selection in aquatic species. Fishing activities have caused the evolution of ___ fish who can do what?

Smaller fish who can escape nets

Some fish, such as the Killifish, evolved ___ ___ in the Atlantic Coast & Gulf salt marshes due to excessive population in the water.

Toxin-resistance

___ ___ are agent of natural selection by evolving beak size & shape in birds.

Birdfeeders (Beak evolution improved fluid collection)

Logging affects the natural selection of tree species. Harvested treat populations evolved individuals that are…

Shorter

Shrub-like

Thinner

Fritillaria delavayi evolved ___ ____ in areas where it is frequently harvested.

Camouflage coloring

What is convergent evolution

Similar traits evolve over generations in different species, or among the populations of a species, whose ancestor lacked these traits.

In convergent evolution similar ___ evolve under similar ___ conditions.

Adaptations, Environmental

Evolutionary biology will improve infectious disease treatment by…

• Reducing the evolution of ___ ___ bacteria, fungi, protozoa, & viruses

• Selection from ___ ___ pathogens

Drug-resistant

Less Virulent (Less Harmful)

Evolutionary biology will improve Malaria management programs by reducing…

• Drug resistant ___ ___ populations

• Insecticide resistant ___ populations

Plasmodium falciparum

Mosquito

Evolutionary biology will improve crop yields & livestock production by

• Improving ___ & ___ health

• Reducing ___ use

• Reducing the ___ of pesticide-resistant pests

Crop & Livestock

Pesticide

Evolution

Human activities act as ___ of natural selection that drive ___ in wild populations

agents; evolution

Natural selection is the mechanism that causes populations to evolve over generations including the evolution of…

• ___ resistance in bacteria

• ___ ___ resistance in viruses

• ___ resistance in Pathogens & ___ resistance in pests

• ___ bacteria resistance in one or more antibiotics

Antibiotic

Antiviral drug

Drug; Pesticide

Soil